Petroleum and Investment Grade Rating

Petrolera Zuata, Petrozuata C. A. case study â€Å"La Apertura† (The Opening) †¢ Target: Orinoco Belt heavy/extra heavy oil accumulation (biggest known in the world) †¢ Key Strategy: Opening Venezuelan oil sector to foreign oil companies †¢ How: Profit sharing agreements, operating service agreements, strategic joint-venture associations †¢ Ownership: PDVSA or subsidiaries contribute10 years), fixed interest rates, fewer more flexible covenants, larger amounts. – Cons: fund must be raised in a lump sum.Excess funds create a drag on earnings (negative carry) †¢ Rule 144A market (private placement market): – Pros: Like public bonds + speed, underwritten within six months – Cons: only qualified investors can invest in them Conditions needed: hot markets and investment grade rating What kind of debt to choose? †¢ The sponsors should use 144A (private bonds) to fund the deal because of the important advantages and the significant d isadvantages which can arise by using the other debt kinds. Rule 144A has big advantage of time – Markets seem to be going in the right direction (Hot markets) – What else is needed?†¦ (on the next slide: Investment grade) Investment Grade Rating †¢ Agencies look at 3 main factors: sponsors’ creditworthiness, project’s economics and Venezuela’s sovereign risk. †¢ Problem: Venezuela’s rating: S&P â€Å"B† Moody’s â€Å"Ba2† †¢ Petrozuata is strictly connected with country’s risks because it is controlled by PDVSA which is Venezuela’s state oil company and operates in Venezuela †¢ If Venezuela defaults on its debt Petrozuata will default too unless†¦ Conoco Inc. is a subsidiary of DuPont which operates worldwide and has investment grade rating †¢ Investing in Petrozuata is indirectly investing in DuPont †¢ If you invest in Petrozuata your real investment is also in Vene zuela and DuPont †¢ Petrozuata project has a very good structure and business projections †¢ Same comparables with other oil companies operating in other countries and having investment rate grading †¢ Ras Laffan example of oil company having higher rating than the country in which it operates(Qatar) In order to obtain investment grading it is very important to have DuPont in the deal †¢ If rating agencies consider the fact that Petrozuata will repay its debt although Maraven defaults on its part of debt because DuPont wants to mantain its good reputation it might obtain an investment grading †¢ If Venezuela is strictly linked to Petrozuata and has a â€Å"B† then Petrozuata should have at least a â€Å"B† rating plus a considerable bonus because the risk is diversified into DuPont †¢ Project’s base case DSCR would probably have to exceed 1. 0X †¢ Break-even point low enough so the project can cover all operating and financing costs if oil prices fall substantially Is it a good deal? †¢ We would invest in project bonds as they will likely yield a higher return compared to the 21% cost of equity. Factors that need to be considered: †¢ Hierarchy of payments is good (referred to â€Å"Cash Waterfall†) †¢ Balance Sheet and Income statement suggest PDVSA and DuPont are supposed to be solid companies †¢ Oil prices are not that volatile; fluctuating but arresting around a price between $20 and $25 per barrel (suggested nominal break-even price in 2008 $8. 3 per barrel) †¢ Lower operating costs with respect to competitors (cash operating cost around $3. 19 against industry median at $8. 55) †¢ More than enough heavy crude oil reserves to sustain the planned production according DeGolyer & MacNoughton (U. S. based oil consulting firm) †¢ Project’s design in accordance with good industry practice; complying with Venezuelan and International environmental laws as stat ed by Stone & Webster Overseas Consultants, a U. S. ngineering and consulting firm What should Conoco take into account? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ True problem is not very favorable business environment Theoretically, if all contracts are respected and hierarchy of payments holds, the only entities bearing risks are PDVSA and DuPont with their capital investment Banks and whoever invests in project bonds according to the hierarchy of payments should be a safe investor Uncertainty in government’s future actions could be very harmful.Remember that in January 1976 the Venezuelan government nationalized the domestic oil industry and the compensation package was only 20% of market value!!! (according to foreign oil companies). Lending to Petrozuata is indirectly investing in Venezuela’s business environment and doing business with the government as PDVSA is 100% government owned, which has a non-investment grading by rating agencies †¢ What should Conoco do? Take carefully in consideration what has been mentioned †¢ Make an in depth analysis on Venezuela’s macroeconomic issues †¢ Try to revise the â€Å"Off take agreement† to be sure of having the right to buy the 104,000 BPCD at the pre-fixed price †¢ If benefits exceed these further costs then consider equity investment †¢ Otherwise the best move would be to take some other entity in the deal to diversify risks even more †¢ Personally, we would be very cautious with investing equity capital as Conoco.

Bachelor of Arts Community development Essay

The unit explores the power of ideas to change the world and ourselves, focusing on their birth, transmission, evolution, and personal and global impact. Through the study of selected themes, students are introduced to the knowledge and approaches central to the arts, social sciences and humanities, and are invited to reflect on competing moral and social arguments. The development of writing and critical thinking skills are a core focus of the unit. The unit is arranged around four different topics, each of which is allocated five or six lectures and three tutorials. Each topic consists of an organising theme which is used to focus a set of contrasting disciplinary perspectives from within the arts, social sciences and humanities. For 2014, the four organising themes are: ââ€" ¦The individual and the community. ââ€" ¦Violence ââ€" ¦Truth and representation ââ€" ¦The good life The key aims of this unit are as follows: ââ€" ¦To introduce students to a range of methodological, conceptual and theoretical appraoches to the main discipline areas covered in the Bachelor of Arts degree. ââ€" ¦To show how social and moral issues may be examined from diverse perspectives, so as to result in differing evaluations, each offering potentially valuable illuminations. ââ€" ¦To provide students with the conceptual tools to become more articulate and reflective in their examination of social and moral issues. The majors which comprise the Bachelor of Arts in 2014 are: ââ€" ¦Asian Studies ââ€" ¦Australian Indigenous Studies ââ€" ¦Communication and Media Studies ââ€" ¦Community Development ââ€" ¦Criminology ââ€" ¦Education Studies ââ€" ¦English and Creative Writing ââ€" ¦Games Art and Design ââ€" ¦History ââ€" ¦Indonesian ââ€" ¦Interactive Digital Design ââ€" ¦International Aid and Development ââ€" ¦Japanese ââ€" ¦Journalism ââ€" ¦Legal Studies ââ€" ¦Philosophy ââ€" ¦Photography ââ€" ¦Public Relations ââ€" ¦Politics and International Studies ââ€" ¦Radio ââ€" ¦Religion ââ€" ¦Security, Terrorism and Counterterrorism Studies ââ€" ¦Social and Developmental Psychology ââ€" ¦Sociology ââ€" ¦Sound ââ€" ¦Sustainable Development ââ€" ¦Theatre and Drama ââ€" ¦Tourism and Events ââ€" ¦Web Communication

Genesis vs. Iroquois Creation Myth Essay

All different cultures have their own creation stories, mostly all containing the elements of a Higher Power of some sort, how the power created the world, and the creation a human man. The Christian belief in the Genesis story has these key elements , as does the Iroquois creation myth, The World on the Turtle’s Back. Although these two creation stories share similarities, they also have some stark contrasts. These contrasts include, how the two cultures of the Native American Iroquois tribe and then Christians view life and aspects of good and evil, the way each culture views nature and the impact that has on their culture, and finally the way the Christian God and the Iroquois gods are portrayed to humans. First, the Iroquois culture and the Christian faith view good and evil very differently, but there is one similarity, both the cultures show that the concept of freewill creates the beginnings of a sort good and evil, a differentiation of two people.(Iroquois 28; Genesis 3:1-24) For the differences, the Iroquois myth has the belief that everyone is born with good and evil in them. Whereas, in the Genesis story, man is immaculate and perfect, until the woman is tempted by the serpent and the the man eats also of the forbidden tree, through his wife’s consent. One other difference is that the Iroquois didn’t necessarily believe in a good and evil, but a left and a right as it is put in the myth, and the Left and Right together ruled the days.(Iroquois 29), While in the Genesis story, God is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent, showing His perfection and that while He is a merciful God, He can also be a God of judgment to show the people the errors of their ways. Additionally, the two cultures view nature very differently and it impacts each individual culture. The Iroquois culture believes that man and nature are equal as represented in the creation myth. One can find this true as the Native Americans were very respectful of the territories they were inhibiting and developing relations with animals, like the buffalo, instead of hunting them for food. In contrast, in the story of Genesis God gave man dominion over all the creatures of the Earth. (Genesis 1:28) The man to this day, hunts animals of all kinds and disrespects nature, with clear-cutting of forestry and pollution. Finally, the Christian God and the Iroquois gods are viewed differently in the eyes of a standard human. First off, the God of Christianity, is the only God. But, in the Iroquois culture there are multiple gods, who become the elements, and then the Iroquois praise these elements.(Iroquois 30) In Genesis, man is created in the likeness of God,(Genesis 1:27) but in the Iroquois myth man is created by another man. The Genesis God is thought of as more of a paternal God who loves His children but reprimands them when the children disobey, where the gods of the Iroquois is just revered and respected, no mention of punishment for humans is mentioned in the Iroquois myth. One similarity is the belief that the gods or God dwell in a place above the rest of the world, the Sky-World in Iroquois, or Heaven in the story of Genesis. To conclude, the two stories of The World on the Turtle’s Back and Genesis are very similar but, they also have their individual differences that really separate the two cultures. The way the two cultures view life and aspects of good and evil. The aspect each culture views nature and the impact that has on their culture. Finally, the way the Christian God and the Iroquois gods are portrayed to humans. Two completely different races , but similar beliefs in the development and creation of the planet Earth.

Profit maximization questions x 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Profit maximization questions x 2 - Essay Example Therefore, the answer is, to strike a balance between the two, that is, to not run after the profits to the extent that morality and values come at stake. As corporations it is imperative for us to hold our businesses in a manner that our personal values, which, in the first place should not be against that of the company, are aligned with what the society expects from us. A Business carries a two fold mandate, to earn profits and to seek to justify the means of doing so. Corporate Behavior should be governed by business ethics and values and at the same time describe certain methods to induce profit maximization. Being a part of the top level management as executive I will seek to define moral and ethical guidelines in which to undertake the business, making it a part of my organizational behavior. The very culture needs to be such that it helps promote values and business ethic. It’s certainly undesirable to have cost cutting at the expense of low quality and sub standard pr oducts as in a way it may bring in short term profitability and increase shareholder wealth but in the long term it will lead to degradation of the company’s image. I would try to take measures and communicate throughout the organization to promote moral values and to not give in at the mere expense of profitability. However, this does not mean that the pursuit of profitability is of secondary value. As I stated earlier the key is to strike a balance between the two. I believe seeking profitability on the lines of personal values and beliefs will actually act as a catalyst and exponentially create wealth for the stake holders through better image amongst them. There is absolutely no point in running a business that violates personal values as it shatters the very being and makes him a slave of profitability. Once that violation is made the person has no moral obligation and can go to any extent to achieve the latter objective. Hostile take over’s, industrial espionage or even violating the rights of customers and suppliers may lead to some sort of profitability, but this type of corporate manslaughter is certainly questionable. Having a definitive framework in which to carry out the business would certainly be my initial responsibility and in order to see if its being followed, as most of the time there is a disconnection between the company's code of ethics and the company's actual practices, a corporate Value appraisal system should be in place to keep a check and balance. Ans.2 If we analyze the net profitability after tax the company has had around 11% profitability each year whereas the market moved 13% up in the initial two years and the difference between the last two years is about 8.8%. These numbers suggest that the company is performing in a somewhat similar manner as the market. Now, if the company holds a leading position in the industry and has been having a smooth run of profitability and yet the share price has remained constant, it is certainly a message for the company that something is certainly wrong. The share price explains the sentiments of its investors about that particular company, if they believe that the company will do well, the share price will show a bullish trend but if otherwise, the stock price will go down. Now the company needs to understand and analyze its competitive position in the market. It should seek to evaluate how the consumer perception has changed about the company. Having known that the share value of the competitors has grown, this is a

Effects of divorce on children Research Proposal

Effects of divorce on children - Research Proposal Example (Clark-Stewart, 2007) In this regard, it is very important that core principles should be taught to the people of American society, which will help in achieving a potential and mature individual. Divorce of a number of parents is resulting in suffering of more than a million children in the United States. Moreover, studies have indicated that every year, half of children’s population suffers effects of divorce around the country. Evidence related to social science has shown that present and future generations of society are affected socially, economically, emotionally, as well as, physically by devastating effects of divorce. In brief, this paper will try to define, discuss, and analyze some of the aspects of divorce that affects the children. Statistics have specified that an increasing number of children are reported to be involved in different cases of abuse, who were living with divorced parents. More emotional and behavioral problems are exhibited by such children, who are an important part of human society. Moreover, higher frequency in drug abuse and crime has been reported with children living with single divorced parent. (Clark-Stewart, 2007) In educational terms, reading, math, and spelling are some subjects that are severely affected after divorce of the parents. In some of the states, lower rates of college graduation are observed in children with divorced parents. In other words, divorce affects the children on intellectual platform as well, which is responsible for significant development of the society. Additionally, fifty percent drop in grades is observed in children that experience divorce of their parents, as compared with their grades before the divorce. Eighty-five percent of adolescents have reported state of loneliness after the divorce, which shows the emotional effect of divorce on the children. Religion is an important aspect of human life, which has been associated with a number of activities, and studies have shown that

European Central Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

European Central Bank - Essay Example In fact, it seems that the bank has been fashioned along the lines of Bundesbank. The bank was the result of the Treaty on European Union, which is also referred to as Treaty of Maastricht. Despite the fact that the bank was established on June 1998, it started operating six months later on 1 January 1999. This was when the euro was introduced as the bank had been set up with the euro in mind. The euro, as indicated above, came after the establishment of the European central bank. It is the official currency that has been adopted by a total of 16 members of the European Union, out of the twenty seven that are members. The states which have adopted this currency as their official currency belong to what is referred to as the Eurozone. The countries are Austria, Belgium, and Cyprus among others. There have also been cases where the currency is used by non-member countries since its inception in 2004. This is with or without formal agreements with the member states of the European Union. It is estimated that about 237 million Europeans are currently using this currency. About 175 million people have adopted euro or currencies that are pegged to this. This is especially so in Africa, where the bank has a following of over 150 million presence. For the few years that the euro and the European central bank have been in operation, their performance can only be described as a success story. When the euro was introduced, many people had the impression that it is going to increase the rate of inflation. That maybe explains the reason why some of the states were initially reluctant to adopt it. But the opposite has been achieved. The central bank, which is mandated to manage the euro for the nations that share this currency, has been able to control the rate of inflation and maintain it at a point below but close to two percent. The success story that is the euro and the European central bank is attributable to several factors. Some of them are prudent financial management and successful control of the inflation rate. Objectives of the Study Throughout this study, the writer will be guided by one major objective. That is the analysis of the factors that have led to the success of the European central bank and the euro in general. To achieve this, the writer will be guided by various specific objectives. It is through the address of these specific objectives that the writer will effectively address the major objective of the study. The specific objectives are as outlined below: 1. successes of the European central bank 2. factors leading to this success 3. challenges facing the European central bank 4. successes of the euro 5. factors leading to this success 6. challenges faced by the euro 7. performance of the economy of the Eurozone Performance of the Eurozone's Economy Some of the successes of both the euro and the European central bank can be reflected in the successes of the economies of the Eurozones. Tumpel (2009) is of the view that there have been palpable changes in the economy of these nations as soon as they adopt the euro and come under the jurisdiction of the European central bank. One of the areas that these economies have excelled in is the creation of employment (Noyer, 2007). Over the course of the past ten years, the employment rates at these economies have increased. The improvement may be conceptualised as a reflection of the progress that has been made as far

Coursework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Coursework - Assignment Example Highly technology driven companies, both Nintendo and Sony have invested heavily in e-commerce activities which is quite apparent from their websites. Through their websites, both the companies facilitate their user relating to the placing new orders, acquiring customer’s feedbacks in order to enhance their services and also using it as a plat form for releasing new products and features. The report presents an analysis of both the companies in terms of operational and marketing strategy, what models they have adopted in order to generate revenue, striking marketing tactics and methods as portrayed in the websites of the both the companies. Competitor Analysis The method used in the competitor analysis of the Nintendo (Wii and Nintendo 3DS) and Sony (Playstation) is the Michael Porter’s five forces model. According to the model, there are five forces prevailing in the market which affects the competitive rivalry between the components. The analysis assists the companies in identifying the factors keeping which into consideration the company can devise its marketing and operational strategy. This model gives importance to the financial as well operational aspects of a business and sets criteria according to which the company can assess the activities of its competitors and counter them through effective and efficient management. The five forces according to the Porter’s model are as follows [2] The bargaining power of the customer can be regarded as the influence that the consumer base has on the pricing strategy of the company. Currently the Playstation and Nintendo 3DS are sold at prices $399 and $249 respectively. Since Playstation offers a more advanced and high tech gaming experience thus its prices are steeper as compared to its competitor. The fact that bargaining power of customer can cast significant impact on the profitability of the company can be corroborated from the fact that initially the Playstation was sold considerably belo w its per unit cost, causing a significant decline in the profitability of the company. In order to justify their demand prices, both the companies must communicate with their consumer base and make them aware the latest add-ons the product comes with and assuring them that the prices are justified. This requires innovation and smart marketing tactics. Suppliers of both the companies are the companies providing raw material for the manufacturing of the product. Software houses can also come under this category as they provide important technical expertise in devising interactive user interface. Bargaining power of supplier means that the supplier wants to obtain benefits through increased prices of raw material, reduction in the credit terms etc. This can also affect the financial outlook of the company with increased cost of goods sold and reduced profit margin. Other factors which the model takes into account are the threat of new entrants into the market and threats of the substi tute products. The biggest competitor of Playstation in the console gaming market is the Microsoft’s product ‘X-box 360’ which also offers high tech gaming experience. As per the Nintendo president Satoru Iwata said that the battle with Sony is over — referring to that the Wii has won over the PS3 — and that the new enemy is Apple, with its ever expanding mobile lineup. [3] Both the

Toxicology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Toxicology - Research Paper Example The ALAD gene may pose the danger of developing lead poisoning in humans, those who were exposed to ecological lead. Lead is a metal that takes on toxic properties, when someone inhales it or digests it. There are several lead exposure routes, from which any human can inhale or digest lead. Several health problems are associated with lead poisoning. They include; exposure where one has to work in an environment or facility that manufacture lead-containing products; lead paint which is usually indigested by young children as they tend to try to eat non-edible things; lead content in soil, from lead-containing gasoline; sometimes lead from the soil can end up in the surface water; and those animals, which are hunted with lead-based bullets. Problems associated with lead poisoning include issues relating to; the nervous system; kidney problems; blood; and the reproductive system of humans. References McGuire, M., & Beerman, K. A. (2009). Nutritional sciences: From fundamentals to food. Florence, KY: Brooks Cole.

The Importance of Organizational Planning Research Paper

The Importance of Organizational Planning - Research Paper Example Some organizations have business plans but they have failed to follow through with other types of planning. Often the leader of the organization is also the founder and this can mean that they keep everything about the business in their head. Planning is an essential aspect of moving a business forward and it is an ongoing process. In order to plan well, leaders must have strong decision-making skills, be able to see the future needs of the business, be open to change and involve other stakeholders in the planning process. One of the reasons why some organizations fail to plan is because they know it will mean change. In some situations, the board or the founder of the organization are more fond of keeping the status quo. They would rather continue to do the same things over and over because they are afraid of change. However, change must come in organizations or they will eventually close their doors. [The] Process of identifying an organizations immediate and long-term objectives, and formulating and monitoring specific strategies to achieve them. It also entails staffing and resource allocation and is one of the most important responsibilities of a management team. In business a clear vision must show the image of the business, appeals to customer needs and must be clear enough that it motivates the employees to participate. When there is a clear vision it helps leaders and employees make a commitment to the organization. Everyone knows what they are supposed to do and how their jobs fit into the rest of the organization. Goals will come out of the vision and mission statements that will show the action steps that are needed to improve the organization. Leaders know there are often challenges when they are making an attempt to plan an organizations future and move it forward. Usually, these challenges are with the people in the organization rather than with an outside influence.  

Water resource economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water resource economics - Essay Example The important question is whether or not it was a good idea to let the urban populations become so dependent on water sources that are so far away? This dependency developed can create a problem if water becomes scarce. Economically the urban areas will fail. Without water, these areas have nothing. No business, no homes and no communities can flourish without water. These urban areas are extremely economically dependent on water. It was not necessarily a good thing for these urban areas to develop distant water sources. Developing distant water sources has made for extra effort on the cities part to keep the water abundant and safe. Keeping the water usable is for the economic stability of the urban areas. When water comes from such a far source, the water is not constantly usable like it is in other areas that use their own water. This means that using less water and having plans in place to save water is important. There is a lot of water that must be kept usable to maintain economic stability in the urban areas. Recently in Los Angeles, state officials have cut down on water by 18.4%. This is the lowest amount of usage in 18 years (Adams2010). Cutting down on water usage by government officials sets a good example for residents and saves on water consumption. Saving on water makes it easier on Los Angeles water dependency. San Francisco is also a popular area that is dependent on water and seeks water from an outside source. The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct provides 65% of water to the San Francisco area (Aquafornia2011). San Francisco has rearranged the earth in so many different ways in order to be able to keep up with the demands for water needs. Reservoir ponds and water reusing systems are popular scenery in California. These water systems are constant economic issues. The demanding need for water creates many projects. These projects affect the economic development

The things we seen- hazardous materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The things we seen- hazardous materials - Essay Example The article presents with four incidents associated with the lack of knowledge regarding waste disposal which could have been safely avoided if proper regulations and methods were employed in the first place. The article provides for many important suggestions for the Emergency Responders which need to be taken care of when an incident of toxic material disposal comes up. It indicates the fact that an Emergency Responder should have adequate information regarding the different toxic materials and the methods that may be employed for their disposal. This is because incorrect techniques can result in severe consequences. Proper equipment with the Emergency Responders is also important which include remote drum openers as well as effective apparatus for the checking of the hazardous contents at the sites. The knowledge regarding the mixing of different chemicals should also be known along with the reactions caused by different hazardous substances so that essential decisions can be take n by the Emergency Responder at the site of the incidents. The article reports of four different cases where inappropriate methods of disposal were used.

Greek and Norse Mythology Essay Example for Free

Greek and Norse Mythology Essay Greek mythology and Roman mythology are almost identical. This is an accepted fact, as it is widely known that the Romans stole the Greek myths. However, it is very interesting to note that the mythology of the Vikings (Norse) has many similarities with the Greek myths. These myths are, by no means, identical to the Greek ones (like the Roman ones are), but there are very distinct commonalities between the two. I see two possible reasons for this besides pure coincidence. The first has to do with the fact that Norse myths were codified during the Viking era: 780 1070. This gives the Norsemen many centuries to become exposed to the Greek (or Roman) myths. The Vikings did travel as far east as the Caspian sea, which is further east than both Italy and Greece. The Norse myths were fashioned after the fall of the Roman empire. During the expansion of the Roman empire, the Romans were able to get all the way to Britain, which is farther west than the Scandinavian countries where these myths originated. The Vikings made many expeditions into Britain. So it is a very realistic thought that the Vikings could have been exposed to the stories of the Greek and Roman gods. It is also possible that the Vikings could have extrapolated parts of the Roman stories into their own. The only two existing primary sources of Norse mythology are the Prose (Elder) Edda, and the Poetic (Younger) Edda. These were written about one thousand to eight hundred years ago respectively. The second factor has to do with mythology as an extension of the society that fashions it. I see mythology as an attempt by a people to explain the powerful forces which affect and shape it, that are beyond its control, such as weather, the elements, and nature. I also see gods as being characters that have many similarities with the people within the society. The gods and goddesses are powerful beings capable of super-human powers, but nevertheless are characters fraught with very human frailties and flaws. In this way they created gods that had similarities with the common man in the society. This made the gods more tangible and easier to identify with. I think that this was necessary because they were not yet at the societal maturity level to have a single god on a cosmic plane. Most of the comparisons will be examining the similarities between major Greek and Norse gods, as well as creatures, stories and specific symbols which are featured in the mythologies.

Racism And Prejudice Cultural Studies Essay

Racism And Prejudice Cultural Studies Essay In a world with different skin, hair, noses, and just appearance in general, Racism is a big part of it. People in every ethnic background make racist statements about each other, such as blacks to white and Hispanics to blacks, so on and so forth. Racism is not even a word; Human kind has invented this even though all these ethnic groups are from the same species-Homo sapiens. This is a reasonable statement which the majority of the world has not even stopped to consider. The word Racism started to make its first manifestation in the early twentieth century but the idea that a certain group of people are superiors than other has been around in the word for an extensive time. For example in 15 century and 16 century the African populations were considered to be lower than any race and the Europeans use them as slaves. [1] Even before that when the Egyptians use the Jewish population as slaves to help them build their famous pyramids with their hard unpaid manual labor. In the late twentieth century when the United States start to segregate other nations around the world still had the same crisis. One of the worst racist events against any ethnic group situated in Europe to be accurate in Germany beneath the command of Hitler; slaughtering millions of Jews, Gypsies,  and  Catholics.[1] Effects of racism against ethnic groups can cause many social and political conflicts. In some cases this actions have even brought the ethnic groups to be paid lower than others of different societies because of their religion, appearance or nationalities. Theyre even put to do higher risk jobs because no one else would. [3] In example like the Immigrants that pass through a journey to get to the United States to get a healthier life, they have to work with being paid small quantities of money for a high risk or Unpleasant job that the citizen of the country are unwilling to do. Racism brings harms to others physically or emotionally in many ways: Self hate can be causes of racism were the person might dislike for his/her qualities. Suicides also are affected by racism, if their constantly mocked this can lead to depressions, suicidal thoughts and then death. Racial problems may also cause ethnic groups attack against someone or another certain ethnic group they consider worthless o r bellow themselves. Some even develop eating disorder because of verbal abuse that has affected him/her. Others take the anger and frustration becoming bullies and racist themselves. These thing help develop Ethnic hatred between each other and discrimination arise from these events. Racism has multiple concepts; Many types of racism. Racism has a cause and effect. Discrimination, oppression, violence, intimidation are some of them.[2] While racism between races are able to happened because of their difference in cultural, heritage, language, ideas and historical factors. Individual racism is an intentional n the part of the perpetrator to injure or harm another because of perceived racial difference. [8] The lynching of blacks by KKK is an example of individual racism.[2] Institutional racism evolves when racial oppression and inequality are at the norm in a society those attitudes subsequently permeate the various legal, educational, and economic institution, creating a system that directly or indirectly excludes or discriminates against, members of one or another racial or ethnic community. [2] Nativism occurs rather a lot in the United States, as thousands of people migrate every single year hoping for better standards of living for them and their families. As more and more they come and fill up the American cities with their religion, language, and ideas, Citizens complain on how their presence is taking jobs away that belong to them, they start becoming xenophobic and start to hate the immigrants. [5] This starts to cause ethnic tensions and hate groups develop against these foreigners. Moving on to a specific event in history, the most dreadful for  the United  States is the initiation of the organization Ku Klux Klan (KKK). KKK is a white ethnic group against the Immigrant population in the United States. Black African Americans arent the only ones affected by the KKK like some may think but also Catholics, Jewish and other religions that arent protestant. [6] The clan is made up of White supremacists. In the1890s African Americans where described as belonging to a diseased, degenerate race that its not likely to survive more than a generation.   This so called disease is known as Nigra [6]. The Mississippi  Senator James K. Vardaman foreshadowed that Nigra would be over by the 1920s. [6] The African American populations slowly increase as beatings and killing slowly came to a decrease. When they realized that the senator of Mississippi had an incorrect hypothesis the Ku Klux Klan decided to take action. They started atrocious acts such as murders against black political leaders, church leaders and community groups. They even also drove black farmers of their land with their assaults and hatred acts of violence. They publicized the death of each African American weekly. The KKK also in an act to intimidate started burning the Christian cross. In 1924 the organizations reached a peak of four million members but slowly decrease to the hundred thousand in 1930s and faded away in the 1940s. [6] When the North union army won the Civil war, the United States ratified the thirteenth amendment and slavery became dissolved. Southern states worked quickly to establish Black codes. Black code is design to prevent blacks from obtaining full rights; they could only marry, own property, negotiate contracts, and have limited participation in court proceedings against other blacks. [7] As African Americans lost tolerance with segregation during the World War II. A black Labor leader Philip Randolph went to Washington D.C. to object the prohibiting from employment in the industries to blacks. His protest was victorious; they established the Fair Employment Practices Committee. During the war years blacks generally saw an enhancement in their standard of living and laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement of the 1950s. After Blacks in the military were approved, the Black African population in the United States still had a bumpy moment particularly in the military when World War II began. Several riots started in the army as a situation that happened when execution of a black soldier at Fort Benning, Georgia, in 1941.[10] Another riot started in Cap Stewart, Georgia where the military police clashed with black soldiers protesting segregation in facilities and racial prejudice in close by towns.[10] After the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt signed an executive ordering Japanese Americans living in California, Oregon, and Washington to reassign to custody camps for the enduring of the war for their wellbeing. The detestation acts compel them to go incognito which affect the United States in the loss of 2/3 of their Vegetable crops which the Japanese Americans cultivate in the west coast. [8] Within days of the Pearl Harbor attack Japanese were fired from Civil Service jobs, their medical license and law were revoked, their business were Boycotted and their insurance policies were disregarded. [8] Japanese American got treated like prisoners in their own country just because of their background. Families were housed in the horse stalls before being shift into camps in inaccessible areas in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming. [8] Their farms, homes, business, and back accounts were confiscated. Some children often exploded in fury , some refusing to sign a loyalty oath and renounce to their American citizenship, others volunteered to serve in the U.S army but were segregated. Military riot were nothing compared to riot in cities, such as one that occurred Detroit in summer of 1943. [9] Young Black and white kids got involved in a small fight at a jam-packed beach in Detroit. In hours about five thousand people rioting. The rebellion got out of control for three days over huge parts of Detroit. The president had to announce state of emergency and called in about five to six thousand National Guard troops for aid. About thirty blacks were murdered and ten white people also murdered; about eight hundred people wounded. [9] In some countries there are some laws that prohibit discrimination based on race or appearance. [4] Most apply to federal government base industries. Hate crimes Racism are considered criminal act in many countries. Definitely standing up for the Anti-Racism is the best thing that anyone can do. Even though we all come from different cultures, we are Homo sapiens that live all together in this world. In a world with no racial tension and ethnic hatred we be a near to perfect world.

Company overview of unilever

Company overview of unilever Unilever is one of the fast moving consumer goods (FMNG) in the world. They offer a wide range of products in food, beverages, personal care products and many more. The success story of Unilever can be seen in the annual turnover in the year 2009 which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39.8billion worldwide and employs 163,000 employees around the world. Company situation Mission Statement: Unilever main goal is to add value to the life of people. They want to reach out to the consumers by satisfying their everyday needs. By providing the needs for nutrition, hygiene, and personal care they are able to help the people to feel refresh, look good and get the most out of their life. Moving on, they want to develop a new way of making business with priority towards expanding twice the size of company while reducing environmental impact. Below is a graph of Unilevers annual turnover: Source: (www.unilever.com/images/ir_Charts%201996%202006_tcm13-90292.pdf ) Financial Summary: Source : (www.unilever.co.uk//introductiontounilever/annual-reports/ ) This graph clearly shows Unilever progress throughout the past years. Underlying sale growth (USG) is the percentage of increase in turnover, modify for the impact of acquisitions, disposal and exchange rate fluctuations. In the year 2009, the USG growth is 3.5% compared to 7.4% in 2008. Underlying volume growth (UVG) is sales after the impact of (USG), which is 2.3% in 2009 that shows sustainable development strategy is working because Unilever manage to save in the cost of expenditure.. Operating margin for 2009 is 12.6% compared to 2008 is 17.7%, and this has save the company from net impact profit of disposal, restructuring and other on-off items. Source: (www.unilever.co.uk//introductiontounilever/annual-reports/) This graph above shows the financial review of Unilever in different region such as Asia, Africa, and Central Eastern Europe ( AAC) , America, and also Western Europe. Asia, Africa, and Central Eastern Europe (AAC) In the (AAC) countries, the turnover current rate experience a growth of 2.9% after including the effects of acquisitions, disposals and exchange rate as shown in the graph above. The operating profit at current rate has increase by 13.3% in the year 2009. Despite the fact that market conditions are volatile and challenging in some region, Unilever in (AAC) countries manage to produce a remarkable underlying sales growth of 7.7%. The Americans Unilever in the America has suffered a 2.6% decrease in the turnover growth at current rates after the including the effects of acquisitions, disposal, and exchange rate. The Operating profit at current rates for the year 2009 has experience major lose of 37.4% Western Europe Unilever in the Western Europe has suffered losses as much as 6% in the year 2009, after including the effects of acquisition, disposal and exchange rate as shown in the graph above. The Operating profit in 2009 experience the most losses at current rate as high as 50.4% in Western Europe. The factor that causes such huge losses are because of the lack confidence in the consumers towards the brand in the Western Europe, and there have been an increase in unemployment rate due to the challenging economy in many countries. Market Share Source: (http://zpryme.com/blog/?p=420) Above shows the market share of Unilever Bestfoods NA dominating the market with 26.3%. Lipton tea as Unilevers food segment brand has dominated the market because of their market strategy such as Tea Can Do That campaign to create awareness and Lipton tea has promises innovation tea flavors and at the same time providing a healthy lifestyle drinks for consumer . Source 🙠 http://www.fixedincomeinvestor.co.uk/x/analysis.html?cat=Analysis%20%26%20Commenttype=Bond%20of%20the%20Weekaid=291) Chart above shows the market share of Unilever from 1994 to 2008, Unilever has been operating internationally and generate annual sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬40billion and the profitable of this company has produce a relatively stable share price that does not have a major downfall even though tough competitive market in the Europe market with competitor like Procter Gamble ( PG ) . Unilever has also performed much better then what the dismal FTSE 100 index predicted over this decades. Market Situation PESTLE implications Political Environment Unilever being a fast moving consumer goods (FMNG) company in the world does not support any political parties whose activities is to promote the party interest, this is because they believe that the business they operate in must be behave with honesty , integrity and openness. However, the political trends still affects Unilever in the United Kingdom. In early February 2010, Unilever has been burden by the increase of taxation by the UK government. Initially, the company is already facing economic instability because consumer are unwillingly to spend more money. Paul Polman, the chief executive said that the daily mail, If on top of that we would get an additional regulatory or tax environment that would make us non-competitive that would be unfortunate for the UK. Mr Polman is worried with the increase of taxation , Unilever has to pay even more into for expenditure cost for research laboratories, manufacturing facilities and more. Source : (www.unilever.com/images/ir_Charts%201996%202006_tcm13-90292.pdf) The graph above shows from year 2000 until 2004, Unilever has been less on expenditure such as manufacturing facilities, and research and development sector. As of year 2004 onwards the cost has been increasing yearly until 1,700 (million) and with the recent increase of taxation in UK , Unilever will have to spend more on expenditure cost in the year to come. With the increase of expenditure cost and in downfall of net profit made by Unilever , this will affect the momentum of profit generated for the company in UK , and this will cost the performance of improvement in Unilever which is a slow growth in the market business. This is why Mr Polman is concerned with the increment of corporation tax. He also added that , We have to be sure when changes are contemplated [by the Government] that it takes into account what other countries do as well in Europe, or outside of Europe, to provide competitive corporate tax rates. Economic environment In the economic environment, Unilever generates wealth by adding value to raw materials, and manufacturing their product for the consumers. The parties that are involve in the economic environment is their employees, government, investors, and many more communities that benefits from the activities of the company. Source : (www.unilever.com//sd_UnileverSDReport170310_amended_tcm13-212972.pdf) This graph shows the parties that benefit from the activities that are ventured by Unilever in UK. Despite the economic instability that happens in decades, Unilever is still able to generate an operating profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5,020 and sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 39,823 million in 2009. This graph shows us that the employees gain the biggest share of the company which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5.2billion, whereas the least share is earn by the local communities which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬89million. The provider of capital obtains the 2nd highest share which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.5billion and the governments gain à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬959million from the company in the form of corporation tax that is issued by the government. Sociological Environment Making a difference in society is one of Unilevers biggest aim because they want to deliver the best and to give back to the society that has been supporting the success of Unilever. Unilever will be focusing to provide nutrition information to the understanding of consumers and also improving nutrition quality of their products. In order to improve the nutritional quality of the product and maintaining the taste, It is estimated that reduction of salt intake by 1g can reduce the chances of strokes by 5% and heart attack by 3 % reducing salt by as little 1 g. The Nutrition Enhancement Programme has come up with a strategy known as salt reduction strategy; in this strategy it states that in 2009 we set product benchmarks to achieve a dietary intake of 6 g of salt per day by the end of 2010, with the ambition to reduce further to5 g per day by the end of 2015 Unilever has also extended their impact by working together with World Food Programme (WFP) where they support developing countries and improving the health and nutrition of product. In order to reach out to the people , Unilever in UK has donated à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬500,00 through global partnership and with (WFP). They also encourage people to donate through website to the Haitis earthquake disaster relieve cost. Unilever also had donated soap and Puriet ( water purifier that does not need pressured water and or electricity. Technology Environment In the technology sector, Unilever has been spending in the area of e-business to improve brands communication and market through internet, and also making transaction simple along chain. Unilever Technology has work together with Unilever R D group in order to meet consumers needs. In the year 2003, Unilever introduce the new pallet live storage system from Bitto Storage System Ltd. The purpose of this technology is to store frozen products. Plans are being made to improve IT infrastructure in Unilever. For example, increment in the energy-efficiency of data centers and applying power management strategies. Tele presence video conferencing is also applied in order to reduce the impact of business travelling. Telepresence has been generated in 13 countries and plan to add another 39 countries in 2010. This technology have helped us to reduce our emission by 4,230 tonnes and save up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬12 million in travel cost for the year 2010 . Environmental Environment Unilever is taking the responsibility in reducing the total environmental impact; the main problem is actually to reduce greenhouse gases from the manufacturer of their products. Unilever has been doing a wonderful job in reducing the production of C02 to the environment. They have achieved a 41% reduction of CO2 emission per tonned production since 1995. Their main goal today is to reduce CO2 production in their manufacturing operation by 25% in the year end 2012. Source: (www.unilever.com/images/ir_Charts%201996%202006_tcm13-90292.pdf) In this graph we can see that, in the year 2009 they manage to reduce their CO2 production by 3% per tonne of production compared to 2008. From year 2000 to 2009 we can see that Unilever is able to reduce the production of Co2 consistently. The factor for this success is because of the good manufacturing practice that they adopt in the factories. However, they have to bear a great cost in venturing into technology that will further reduce the emission of CO2. Source : (www.unilever.com/images/ir_Charts%201996%202006_tcm13-90292.pdf) Unilever also make approach into saving water consumption, they have been consistently reducing water use in manufacturing. Quantity of water usage per tonne of production has been reducing by 65% since the year 1995. From this graph we can study that the goal of reducing water usage is also in the right path. Every year since 2000 until 2009 the usage of water reduces per tonne of production. In the year 2009, as show in the graph water consumption was reduce by 5.6 % per tonne of production compared to the earlier year in 2008, which is a reduction in 8.1% in to be precise . Legislation environment Unilever is protected by European Commission to ensure that there is no infringement towards the brand name and product of Unilever. Unilevers business is also govern by laws and regulation to make sure that products are safely used by consumers and also that advertising and labeling are not misleading in the business world. Unilever also has Environment Policy to follow in order to ensure safety of their products and reduce environmental footprint of their brand. Evaluation should be made at every stage, from producing the raw materials to create products to dispose usage by the consumer as the end user. Environmental management systems should be develops and improve in order to enhance the performance of environmental safety and sustainability programmes. Encourage suppliers to develop and improve ingredients and manufacturing of Unilever products. Relationship with industry bodies, government agencies, and business partners should be strong to promote environmental care and to develop the knowledge and disseminate best practice. Competitors situation and SWOT analysis Although Unilever is a fast moving consumer goods (FMNG) in the world, their standing in the world is also affected by competitor around them. Nestle is also one of the worlds largest food manufacturer, that is based In 200 countries worldwide and head quartered in Vevey, Switzerland. Their operating activities include food, beverages, pet care and also pharmaceuticals. They have 253,000 employees around the world. Strength Recognition as a global company Strong brand portfolio Strong relationship with retailer Economic of scales Weaknesses Dual leadership Inefficient management of brands Reduced spending on R D Inability to maximize acquisition Opportunities Changing of costumers taste The high demand of healthy products Responding toward global activities Threats Strong competition- decrease in revenue New development of different brands Exchange rate Weather SWOT Analysis of Unilever Strength Global sales have topped $ 101billion Ranked as worlds largest bottle water company Major brands consistently supported by consumer Weakness Growth in organic food was flat Breakfast cereal was claim to have posses fake health benefits General Mills is a major brand but slow in innovation and health base products Opportunities Introduce more health-based products Opened Nestle Cafà ©s to feature Nestle Products Provide peanut free and gluten free products Threats Raw ingredient price of chocolate has rise Major Competitor in chocolate such as Hersheys, Starbucks and many more Contamination of food supply SWOT Analysis of Nestlà © Comparison of Unilever and Nestle SWOT analysis Strength Unilever is recognizing worldwide because of the success of their products and is base in many other countries. It has an excellent management of portfolio, which includes many leading global wants with powerful category ranking such as Lipton tea. This brand has the marketing expertise to capitalize worldwide including regenerating 44% sales from the increment in D E markets. Nestle has the attention of consumer as they have target environmental issues by ranking as the largest bottle company in the world, and Nestle is easily accessible because they are operating in more than 100 countries. Weaknesses Reports of replacing current CEO has raise uncertainty factor as his role in Unilever is very successful. Unilever has a wide management folio which includes their top 25 brands. There is a lack of management strategy. Some consumer brands might have stronger management compared to others in order to compete with competitors. Nestles breakfast cereal product has been branded as false claim in providing health benefits by American Medical Association. This will cost Nestle a huge loss in the market share and also expenditure in rebranding the brand. This has give Unilever the chance to target consumer with health benefits products in their food and drinks line which is Lipton tea. Opportunities Unilever can improve the need for high quality food, with more nutritious ingredients or organic meal services. Consumers are concern about ingredients knowledge. Products must be different in packaging, example labeling on nutrition facts on product package. For global activities, Unilever has work in partnership with World Food Programmes (WFP) with support in the development of the health and nutrition of children in developing countries. In 2009, 17 million meals were provided for children of 80,000 and in Kenya, Indonesia, and Colombia at least 50,000 schools were taking part in Health and Nutrition Campaign. Nestle has come up with new strategies in order to target health benefit products such as opening Nestle Cafes that sells their products actively in all countries and also give them the chance to promote new products. Threats World economic instability may affect developing countries and continue to spread in the R E markets. Rivals (FMNG) may rise to capture the market share from Unilever growth areas, as they also focus on the same market as Unilever. Brands like P G and Nestle are also coming with new brands that are cheap and still maintain the quality of products. Weather such as drought is also a threat to Unilevers Lipton tea brand as they might fail to produce the targeted tea amount and good quality tea. As for Nestle as they are exposure to chocolate brands such as Hersheys and Cadbury that might come up with more creative chocolate products. Food contamination is also a threat to Nestle as they are afraid it might damage their image as a global food producer. Raw chocolate ingredients have increase in price and might cost Nestle to spend more on expenditure cost. Objectives and assumptions Societal objectives Specific Guide consumer to reduce salt intake by 6g per day Change the hygiene behavior of people through Lifebuoy and its partner programmes Display percentage Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) for key nutrient on the package of products Measureable Food portfolio has reach benchmark of 76% reduction of salt in products Lifebuoy programmes such as has reach out to 23 countries through Global Washing Hand Programmes Food products that are manufactured with key nutrients on packaging Achievable World Health Organisation has recommended 5g intake of salt per day and this will guide consumer to follow them in the path of healthy life Hygiene education has been rolled -out towards countries like Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Vietnam All food products will reduce in percentage of salt, and saturated fat but retain the taste of the products Realistic World Health Organisation recommended to reduce intake of salt has help Unilever to guide consumer to reduce salt intake by reducing the salt concentration in products Millions of people has been reach in 23 countries to increase awareness on hygiene Nutrition information helps consumer to understand how healthy is the product Timely In the year 2010, 5g of salt intake has been reduce. By 2015, 6 g of salt consumption will be achieved Change the hygiene behavior of 1 billion people by the year 2015 Environmental Objectives Specific Reduce environmental impact while doubling size of business All tea for Lipton tea product are from certified sustainable resources All palm oil obtain from certified sustainable resources Reduce CO2 from energy in manufacturing products Measurable Assessed greenhouse gas, water, and waste impact of 1500 products Around 80% of Lipton Tea Label are from certified farms 185,000 tonnes of palm oil are purchase via certified farms Reduce the production of Co2 energy in manufacturing sector of products Achievable Tea that are sold in Western Europe comes from Rainforest Alliance Certified farms Total purchase of 15% palm oil are from Green Palm Certified farms Achieve 41% reduction in Co2 energy from manufacturing products Realistic 65% and 73% reduction in water and total wastage Rainforest Alliance certified farm and Green Palm farms are main supply of tea and palm oil for Lipton tea products Manufacturing sector strategy are able to reduce 44% of Co2 since 1995 Timely By the year 2015, all tea that are sold is certified sustainable sources By the year 2015, all palm oil that are sold is also from certified sustainable sources By the year 2015, water, greenhouse gas, and waste impact is reduce by another 25% Co2 energy reduce by 25%in manufacturing products by the year 2015 Financial Objectives Specific Increase sourcing from smallholder to ensure security supply Reached 49% of sales in developing countries Unilever top line growth in sales by 5% Brand reduction from 1600 to 400 products Measurable Tea and Palm oil are obtain from certified farms 12 brands with sales of 1billion profit Brand extension such as Knorr to increase profit sales Achievable Product production in small portion so that low income earners can purchase it Realistic Increase consumption of products by consumers at all income level in developing product Timely By the year 2012, there is an increase of 5 to 6 % in profit Assumptions In order to prepare this marketing plan, a few assumption to be made for Unilever in the future. Contamination of ingredients in product Unilever takes precaution in producing new products, if the safety of certain ingredients or product that is not sure, Unilever will not put it in the market for sale. This assure consumer that all products manufactured by Unilever are safe to use. Improve technology for better quality of products Technology advancement has assist in finding new ingredients for products and safety precaution measures are taken to improve the new discovery. Unilever will safely exercise substitution method with the product that is already in the market as a development of product quality. Hazardous product that defects product qualities and benefits will be disposed. Strategies Personal care for future sales growth and profitability Unilever has identified the key to achieve sustainable profitable growth through its personal care business segment as it generate the fastest-growing business compared to other sector such as food and beverages. Personal care business refers to the products that are self managed, such as hair shampoo and skin care products. This is because the demand for these products in the market has been increasing, as well as the existing sales from this segment is satisfying. However, Unilevers greatest rival Procter Gamble (PG) for many years have been more innovative and creative in introducing new products. In the previous year in the personal care sale increase only by 1.4% to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬11.30billion while overall turnover rose by 1.4% to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬40.2 billion. In order for creating future sales growth, Unilever will focus more personal care segment for future sale growth and sustaining profit from increasing raw material cost. Graph below shows the revenue increment in Unilever s products line, including personal care segments. External Pressure and Organisational Restructuring High cost of raw material, adverse exchange rates and macroeconomic worries such as politic and regulation of countries might affect the performance of Unilever. In order to secure generation of profit and sustaining raw material cost Unilever has come up with few strategies. Unilever has to reduce 20,000 jobs across its production division and combine its Personal Care and food sector into one category to reduce cost that will be delivered to consumer. Unilever has come up with Path to Growth strategy that promises improvement in its performances. This strategy will help the organisation to restructure its two global divisions, Home Personal Care and Food into one division. This would effectively lower production costs that will be implied into price of the products and influence consumers consumption from price aspect. Price is a crucial matter to consumers due to economy fluctuation that will affect lower spending power. Unilever Marketing Mix Here we will discuss the marketing mix strategy of Unilever in that might boost their sale. Unilever has wide range of brand such as Home Personal Care products to food and drinks like Knorr and Lipton tea. We will now do the marketing mix of Sun silk because Unilevers most profitable line of product is personal care products. So below is the marketing mix of Sun silk from Unilever Marketing mix Explanation Product Sunsilk is one of Unilevers famous brands under personal care product. It targets mainly woman by portraying the 21st century woman that is confident, charismatic, and get going attitude that doesnt wait for things to happen but achieve their goals by sheer hard work. Although the main target is woman but Sunsilk is used by many people of difference class and age group. In order to satisfy the needs of their consumer, Sunsilk has developed various kinds of shampoo and conditioner that suit the different kind of hair type. Sunsilk has manage to gain loyalty of consumers because of their undying effort in producing more innovative products and maintaining its quality through extensive chemical testing until it is truly safe. Place In order for Sunsilk to be the number 1st choice for its consumer, they must distribute their products to all the people no matter where they are. Sunsilk has targeted retail outlets, malls, super market and any other stores as long they are easily access for consumers. The high consumer demand has shown that easy availability factor is very important to reach out to the consumers. Price As the market leader in personal care products, Sunsilk is freely to set the market price. In order to satisfy the main goal of Unilever which is maximise profit , increase the sales and also increase in market share the price of product is an important factors that affect all of this. The research department determines the price of the products while taking account the affordability of consumers of different income level. Unilevers main competition which is Procter Gambles Pantene product has also come up with innovative products to gain the market share of Sunsilk. Fortunately, Sunsilk has the advantage to set the price of product by being the market leader in personal care products. Sunsilk has also take inflation into account, by maintaining constant profit margins. Promotion Advertising and marketing strategy are the main tools for Sunsilk to push up their sales and awareness of their products. In order to promote their brands , Sunsilk has distributed flyers and free sachets at malls, retail outlets and also door to door campaigning. Hair experts are also send to schools to check the hair type of people in one region and how can they improvise their products for such consumers. Free gift hampers and free washes are also given to people to maintain the goodwill and maintain the momentum of brand loyalty. Sunsilk has also increase the awareness of people by using the growing trend of online advertising and communication network of people. Internet access has act as an online material to ensure that people does not escape the attention of Sunsilk. Television is another major communication access for consumer to keep the brand fresh in the mind of consumers and also to attract new consumers and breed interest in the usage of Sunsilk products. Forecast sales budget à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 2009 (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬)million 2010(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬)million 2011(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬)million 2012(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬)million Turnover 39,823 41,814 43,905 46,100 Cost of Sales 20,580 20,992 21,411 21,840 Percent 51.68% 50.20% 48.77% 47.38% à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Operating Profit 19,243 20,823 22,493 24,260 Percent 48.32% 49.80% 51.23% 52.62% à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Operating Expenses 14,223 14,934 15,681 16,465 Percent 35.72% 35.72% 35.72% 35.72% à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Profit 5,020 5,888 6,813 7,796 Percent 12.61% 14.08% 15.52% 16.91% The increase in profit and operating profit has shown the sales profit of product sales from Unilevers top brand. The increment in operating expenses has shown that promotion strategy has been to use to stay competitive in the market that Unilever venture into.

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Escape Symbolism :: Glass Menagerie essays

Escape Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie If we take a look at the different symbols used throughout the play, I think that the most important one when it comes to escape is the fire escape. It is in the center from the very beginning, when Tom makes his opening addressing to the audience from it. To understand the role of the fire escape one has to see that it serves a different purpose for each of the characters. In general we can say that it represents the borderline between freedom and imprisonment. Apart from this, the different characters see it in different ways. For Tom, the fire escape is an opportunity to get away from the apartment and his nagging mother. For Amanda, on the other hand, it's a door through which gentleman callers for Laura can come into their apartment / into their world. For Laura, even though she's been outside, it's the border between the safe and the dangerous, between the known and the unknown. Also the Dance Hall across the street can be seen as a symbol of escape. Its name, Paradise Dance Hall, is a contrast to the lives of the characters, and to the current situation in the world as seen in the play. Also, Laura spends much of her time listening to her mothers' old records, hearing the same old music over and over again. I believe that the music coming from the dance hall can be interpreted to be Laura's possibility to escape from her monotonous life, a possibility that she cannot currently utilise. The last symbol that I see as important for the theme is the father of Tom and Laura, Mr. Wingfield. He is the ultimate symbol of escape, as he has actually managed to get away. The fact that Amanda still has his picture on the wall tells us something about another way that she is attempting to escape; by keeping hold of the past, as the picture is probably there to remind of the good

Summary of Educating Rita :: essays research papers

Main characters are Frank who is a university lecturer and Rita who is a hair dresser. Rita wants to be educated she decides to take an Open University course. The main theme of the play is to be educated. At the start of the scene we hear a conversation between Frank and someone else on the other end of the phone. We hear him arguing if he will go to the pub or not. â€Å"What do u mean I determined to go to the pub? I don’t need determination to go to the pub†. This shows his sarcasm. Showing that he doesn’t care this shows us that he doesn’t care about his partner and he’s a caring person. Frank also doesn’t want to teach at Open University he only does it for the money. He thinks there is no point in teaching Open University because all his students will be stupid. ‘Some silly woman’s attempt to get into the mind of Henry James’ this shows he is prejudice before he starts teaching. He thinks she is going to be stupid because she didn’t get enough education. He is only doing this for the money. He doesn’t care about the job, all wants is the money to go to the pub. Then we see Rita enter the room. She barges through the room because it’s jammed. She doesn’t use the correct grammar. ‘I’m comin in aren’t I’. She speaks in colloquial English, this makes us think that she doesn’t have a good education and shows that she is working class. She speaks in a scouse accent, she swears a lot showing that she doesn’t care about offending anyone, and she is loud and enthusiastic about learning. She wants to learn because she wants a change. When Rita tries to get into the room she can’t because the handle is jammed .she manages to open it and barge in. â€Å"it’s the stupid bleeding handle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦you wanna get that fixed†. She doesn’t wait around to fix the problems she gets them done. She isn’t lazy she wants to move things along like in life. Rita doesn’t like her life so instead of waiting around she decides to change it and get educated. She is trying to get better in life but she has to struggle to get something in life you have to work hard. Whereas frank is ignoring his problems and is drinking instead of trying to fix his problems.

Discuss About Failure Essay

Q: ‘The word failure should never be used in education.’ Discuss. â€Å"Failure is not the end of the journey.† was an impactful phrase that Steve Jobs once said in his most eulogised moment of wit. I would dare to say that ‘failure’ is not a foreign word to anyone in the world and to the large majority, it is never viewed as a pleasant word to hear. In dictionaries, the word failure is often defined as the lack of skill or knowledge to succeed in accomplishing a task, yet ironically, the word failure is very often used in schools, where students attend to acquire skills and knowledge. Therefore, I strongly feel that the word ‘failure’ should not be used in today’s education system most of the time. Firstly, one reason why I feel that the word ‘failure’ should not be largely used in education is simply because of its demoralising effect. With the advancements in science and technology, education systems around the world have increased its difficulty by leaps and bounds. Hence, examination papers have changed and the syllabus only gets tougher. Students therefore are constantly bombarded with difficult and mind-boggling questions and tests, thus it is only natural that there are bound to be failures within a class. However, for the students that had studied very hard for the test, failing would only crush their confidence and pride. A research carried out by a group of students in Tokyo University had found out that 2 out of 7 students in Japanese High Schools are demoralised after failing their first few semestral assessments and their grades continue to suffer all year round as they had already lost the will to persevere and strive for excellence. This study supports my view that ‘failure’ demoralises people as it extinguishes the fiery will within students and their drive to excel. More often than not, being called a failure in schools may develop in students a form of self-fulfilling prophecy as their constant failures may have convinced them that they may indeed be useless and will never succeed in the future. Hence, I strongly feel that the word failure is too harsh a term to judge students based on their academic and holistic achievements alone as this will in fact demoralise them. Another reason why I feel that the word ‘failure’ should only be used to a bare minimum is because it creates more demanding parents. All parents have high hopes for their child, and I would dare to say that every parent wishes for their child to be able to successfully climb the rungs of the social ladder and stand at its peak. However to do that, excellent academic and holistic grades must be attained. A survey conducted by a group of students studying psychology in the National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2011 observed that 75% of Singaporean families display prejudice against failure and envisage their own child enrolling into the top medical courses of the local universities in Singapore. This study displays the stress that students in Singapore face as now not only do they have to excel in their studies to achieve a decent grade, but they are also expected to live up to their parent’s extremely high expectations. Such a scenario is ubiquitous in almost every Asian country and community, take the Asian families in Japan and the Asian communities in the United States for example, many Asian children fear showing their report cards to their parents if they had failed any subject as they fear the tongue-lashing that they receive upon showing their grades. Moreover, Asian families have been stereotyped to be very demanding as they demand that their child score straight ‘A’s for his or her examinations. This scenario is evident from the book ‘Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother’ by Amy Chua which describes the typical strict Chinese upbringing where even an A- grade is not acceptable much less a ‘failure’ grade. To fail is to bring shame and dishonour to the family. Thus, I believe that the root of all these expectations branch from the very use of the word ‘failure’ as it somehow segregates the students based on their abilities into two groups – the successful and the failures, and parents would therefore want to push their child even harder to be able to enter the ranks of the successful and falling into the pits of failure is not favoured by most parents. Hence, I feel that the word ‘failure’ should not be used most of the time so that children would not need to fear failing and the ridiculously high expectations of parents can be somewhat mellowed. Lastly, as clichà © as it may sounds, the word ‘failure’ promotes a segregated community in schools. Very often, it is a common sight to see the students that excel in their studies form their own small cluster while the ostracised students that have consistently failed their examinations would form their own cliques. Such scenarios are especially evident in schools in the Western countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Very often, students that fail their tests continuously would rather invest their time in beautifying their aesthetic appearances or in honing their skills in  their extra-curricular activities. While the students that score terrific grades, on the other hand, are labelled ‘muggers’ and ‘nerds’, hence this gave rise to the much stereotyped ‘popular’ and ‘unpopular’ kids in many American schools. This, thus, unconsciously created a segregated community in schools and as a result of this segregation bullying is rampant in schools as the more popular but academically weaker students would threaten the smarter ‘nerds’ to accomplish their work for them. This is supported by a documentary carried out by Discovery Channel, titled Bully, on the reasons behind bullying, which found out that one of the main reason why children resort to bullying is to achieve the much desired grades they wanted. Thus, ‘failure’ had unknowingly created a hierarchy within many schools and therefore, I strongly feel that the word ‘failure’ should not be used to a large extent. However, critics of my argument may argue that the word ‘failure’ may instil in students the need to improve and work harder, and motivates them to stretch themselves to their fullest potential. However, I believe that this is an extremely idealistic view as, not every student can remain optimistic upon receiving such dreadful grades. Moreover, such a argument also fails to take into consideration the students that had failed multiple times. Failing a couple of times may motivate one to try and work harder but the constant failure that some students experience would crush their determination and willingness to work hard. Hence I believe that if nothing is done to at the point of receiving the failure grade, and teachers allow things to go by its on course, the student may be badly sh aken and demoralised and as a result instead of improving his grades, he may actually worsen and score far worse grades. Thus, this brings me back to my point that ‘failure’ should not be used in our education systems most of our time as every student have differing levels of motivation and not everyone can take ‘failure’ so easily, and instead of improving themselves they end up despondent and unwilling to work hard. Critics of my argument may also claim that the competition that arises due the usage of ‘failure’ is beneficial to the students. However, this argument is flawed and the argument is too naive. This is because they fail to realise that is because of such intense competition that students may resort to cheating and other underhanded measures to attain a passable grade or their desired grades. In a study published in the Los Angeles Times, it was found that students cheat to  attain higher grades to meet with their parents expectations or to enter into a high paying job from the top Ivy League Universities. Moreover, with globalisation, the presence of scholars in schools contribute to the competition that local students face, and this has actually created such a stressful environment as the scholars contribute to the top scores of many major examinations and as a result the bell curve system that determine ones grade would shift to the right and students would require to score higher grades to attain their desired grades. This additional stress from the increase in competition if not managed properly would prove to be detrimental to ones mental fitness, and students that are unable to take such intense competition now, may just crumble under the immense stress that all students have to shoulder. Therefore, I strongly believe that the competition that ‘failure’ brings about brings more disadvantages than benefits and hence, I feel that ‘failure’ should not be used in our education most of the time. Therefore, in conclusion, does ‘failure’ necessarily bring more harm than good? While ‘failure’ does indeed have its good points, like bringing about differential learning, beneficial competition to those that require it, it brings about much more adverse effects to our community. The word ‘failure’ can badly demoralise students, create more ‘Tiger Mothers’ – a term used to describe more demanding parents, and a segregated community in many schools. Thus, I strongly feel that schools being the place that students attend to further improve themselves and acquire new knowledge, should not use the word ‘failure’ most of the time as it simply does not bring about much benefits. Therefore, I would like to reiterate that I strongly feel that the word ‘failure’ should not be used in today’s education system most of the time.

Analysis of Badinerie by J. S. Bach Essay

The append Badinerie is best known for its destinations as the final movement of Johann Sebastian lives orchestral Suit No.2 in B baby. Johann Sebastian Bach was born on the 21st ring 1685 and died on the 31st of July 1750. He was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, and violinist. He wrote sacred and layperson works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments. Bach move together the strands of the fancy period and brought it to its ultimate maturity. The piece Badinerie is in a airheaded mood and structured in the binary star Form. It is cast in swift 2/4 metre graduation exercise on the up convey or anacrusis.This piece was in the graduation place written for a Chamber Orchestra and a solo flute. The piece starts in B minor and play in allegro tempo throughout. Badinerie start with a messo potency dynamic fall guy meaning reasonably tinny with motive A in the bracer forefend at the beginning and motive B starts on the south beat in disallow devil to ba nding 3. The Antecedent ranges from the beginning of the medical specialty to the first beat of legal community four, which ends on a sinless Au sotic touchstone. The incidental started on the scrap beat of stop over for four to the first beat of leave off ten, which ended on an Imperfect Cadence a one to a 5 suspended two chord in second inversion. They argon long phrasal idioms throughout the duration of the piece.In the first quint metres the bass voice stage business plays a Bassa Continuo style in endoque music, however in modern xx-four hours it is called a Walking Bass style. In bars sixer to ten the bloodline line plays a similar beatnik that the bass was playing in the first quintuplet bars and the bass line plays a similar rhythm to what the communication channel line was playing.The second beat of bar 10 the dynamic marking changes to intensity meaning loud which is the beginning of the phrase extension and sequential progression to bar 16. thither is a great have up in this phrase with a messo forte crescendo leading(a) up to forte and the expend of sixteen notes in the bass notes the region intense and bright. Bar sixteen the end of the first voice is repeated and ends on an Imperfect five of five going to five pulsation called tonicization.The second section of the piece is a development of A, which is the same note played a fifth up. The Antecedent started from the pickup beat to the first beat of bar twenty and the consequent picked up on the next beat and ended on bar twenty three on a five of three going to a three cadence. The piece then modulated to D major in the next bar then f minor in bar 30 then mainstay to b minor in bar thirty two. There is a phrase extension kickoff on the second beat of bar twenty to the first beat of bar twenty eight. The same idea comes back again of the melody line pickings the rhythm of the bass line and the bass line taken the rhythm of the melody line in bars twenty eight to thi rty two.There are pedal points in bars 33 to 35, interesting to note that there is use of octaves. In bars thirty six the first beat has a loud dynamic marking and the second beat has a soft dynamic marking which is quite interesting. There is a crescendo in the next bar leading up to forte towards the second to put up bar. This section is then repeated and the section time around there is a rit. 2 Volta which means offer around then retard the second time. The piece ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence.

Approaches to Management and Organizational Behaviour

205KM trouble and sensual compositional doings Report 1 Title Approaches to forethought and giving medicational Behaviour pizza pie shanty and McDonalds (Fill in the Name of calvenership A) (Fill in the Name of Comp any B) Student Name HSU Ka Syn Syrus Student ID 51878875 Tutorial sepa pass judgment 2 Table of Contents P deject on Num 1. Objectives 9 2. patronage Background 9 3. brass construction and Design3. 1 Organization mental synthesis of Company A3. 2 Organization coordinate of Company B3. 3 equivalence the Similarities and Differences of Organization grammatical construction amid Company A & B 10101214 4.Approaches to Management & organisational Behaviour 15 4. 1 Motivation 15 4. 2 lead 16 4. 3 merciful Resource Management 18 4. 4 ending & Diversity 20 4. 5 Information engineering science 22 4. 6 communion 22 5. Conclusion 23 6. References 24 1. Objective The purpose of this report is to find go in the remnants in the disposal structures and ap proaches in watchfulness and brass sectional behaviour of two local restaurants, pizza pie chantey Hong Kong and McDonalds Hong Kong.Besides, the report is to find out the info of the restaurants by essence of identifying and analyzing the following penury, leadership, gracious imaging focal point, culture and vicissitude, cultivation applied science, communication. 2. Business Background Business background of pizza pie shanty pizza pie hutch, Inc. is an Ameri tooshierestaurant set up and internationalfranchisethat offers different styles ofpizza along withside dishes. pizza hovel is a foot soldier ofYum Brands, Inc. , the worlds largest restaurant phoner.According to the unified website, there be much than 11,600 store locations in 94 other countries and territories round the world. almost their history, the legacy of pizza pie hovel began in 1958, when two college students from Wichita, Kansas, were approached by a family friend with the idea of openin g a pizza parlor. Although the concept was relatively new to many Americans at that time, the two brothers readily saw the potential of this new enterp ride. After adoption $600 from their mother, they purchased almost second-hand equipment and rented a sm both(prenominal) building on a busy intersection in their homet knowledge.The resolvent of their entrepreneurial efforts was the first pizza pie hut restaurant and the foundation for what would become the largest and most successful pizza restaurant chain in the world. Hong Kong pizza hutch provides dine-in, latch onout and spoken communication workoutfulness. At present, there atomic number 18 over 80 stores in Hong Kong and Macau. In upstart years, McDonalds has invaded the delivery forage proceeds market, so pizza army huts market divide has excessively been thinned. This is Pizza chantey Hong Kong was facing the ch anyenge. Business background of About McDonaldsMcDonalds Corporation is the worlds largest chain of ground beeffast nourishment restaurants, serving in 119 countries and to a greater extent than 30,000 restaurants. From a neighborhood restaurant ceremonious in Des Plaines, Illinois in 1955 to today, more(prenominal) than than 30,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries worldwide, McDonalds is the largest quick service restaurant administration in the world. McDonalds recognized that to be successful, it would bear to be flexible and adapt to societal changes. In 1975, McDonalds heart-to-heart its first drive-thruTM window in Sierra Vista, genus Arizona to accommodate a more mobile society.The community realized there was a adopt for a fast, musical note morning meal and in 1973, the clod McMuffinTMwas introduced. In Hong Kong, there ar over two hundred McDonalds restaurants, and more than 10,000 McDonalds cater. In few years, Hong Kong McDonald launched delivery service, formally invaded the delivery food service market. Although McDonald Hong Kong had a circulate of charity bend, moreover they contributeed of the Ronald McDonald Ho drills, McDonald prominence has similarly made it a frequent topic of existence debates nearlyobesity, corporate ethics andcon junctureer province. 3 Organization Structure and Design 4. Organization Structure of Pizza Hut Figure1. Hierarchy course of field of honor of Pizza Hut Supervisor Asupervisor is a team up leader in a position of as warmnessptionin business. He / She endlessly atomic number 18 an subordinate to coach-and-four. They use up possession of part of the manager power, much(prenominal) as the allocation of the landaday acetifyflow, and void assure of power. Restaurant popular Manager Restaurant General Manager is trusty for all problem of the restaurant. not scantily manage all employees, however in addition they need to manage restaurant facilitates and service quality and so on In addition, they need to set quotidian gross sales target to run into organizat ion goal.Operations Manager They responsible for ensure that business needs to use as few resources as possible to twin client requirements efficiently and efficaciously. Moreover, they need to establish routineing policy to all operations surgical incision mental faculty, include all restaurants manager. Chief executive officer is the highest-rankingcorporate officer(executive) oradministratorin betoken of scoremanagementof anorganization. An one-on-one appointed as a CEO of acorporation,company,organization, or internal representationtypically reports to theboard of directors. At present, Hong Kong Pizza Hut chief executive officer is Henry Yip.Figure2. useful Division of Pizza Hut Finance department Finance department is often simply delimitate as money management or the management of the fund. The major objectives of corporate finance be maximising sh beholder abide by. Marketing department Commercial sellingof individuals or organizations,includingcommercial enterp rises,governments and institutionstopromote theirproducts or service soldto other companies ororganizations,in turn, selltheir practice,anduse them ascomponentsin theirproducts or services, or use them to be leavetheir actions. . 2 Organization Structure of McDonald Figure3. Hierarchy Division of USA Headquarter McDonalds Figure4. Hierarchy Division of Hong Kong McDonalds Trainer Trainer in McDonalds not the homogeneous in supervisor, they ar equal in old faculty to be an assistant to support Supervisor. team Leader Team Leader in McDonalds is the same in supervisor. Crew Crew in McDonalds receipt for differences trim in restaurant, it include Kitchen, cleaning, cashier, client service representative and first line quality control. Figure5. ambit division Figure6. functional Division of McDonalds humans Resources Management incision Human Resource Management isan organizationofemployeesorthe management of human resources. Thisattractive,isresponsible for staffs election, pedagogy, appraisal,rewards,andis in any case responsible fororganizational leadership andculture,and to ensure thatemployment and motor law. Heldin the employeeswishes andlegally authorizedcollective negotiate agreement, human resourcesusuallyalso go away dress asthe companys principalliaisonwith staff representativesPurchasing plane section Purchasing refers to the business or organization to prove to obtain good or services, in battle array to extend to business goals. Although there are some(prenominal) organizations trying to set streamers in the purchasing process, the difference between the processes organizations. 4. 3 Compare the Similarities and Differences of Organization Structure between Pizza Hut and McDonalds Similarities of Organization Structure between Pizza Hut and McDonalds Pizza Hut and McDonalds are the same utilise the Functional Division and Hierarchy Division.The relationship between the function is the position of the specialist, and other demes nes. In general, specialist allow for have the authority to adhere to the line manager, to achieve any of their instructions. In many large and worldwide companies are always using Functional and pecking order division to descript their company structure. In addition, these structures can stick employee clear their course opportunities. Similarities of Organization Structure between Pizza Hut and McDonalds Although the two companies are well-known(a) company in the world, that in Hong Kongs business size are different.Pizza Hut possess by Yum Brands, Inc, but the business in Hong Kong is operated franchise by Jardine Matheson. Region on district face is relatively simple, because of only china regional business. On the other hand, Hong Kong McDonalds is not operated franchise of the way. Hong Kong McDonalds business was monitored by the management of the Asia (Figure5. ). Asia McDonalds Managed by the U. S Headquarters of non-Franchise operational worldwide business. So t he difference of these companies is Hong Kong McDonalds was implemented area division models for orbiculate company structure. 4Approaches to Management organisational Behavior 5. 4 Motivation Motivation is the percentage point to which an individual wants and chooses to engage in certain specific behavior. wads behavior is determined by what sparks them. Their death penalty is a product of both exponent level and motivation. Therefore, the two companies are using the external and Intrinsic Motivation methods go employees. In the past, McDonalds had to lock employees with too low salaries, so that McDonalds scolded by social. On the contrary, Pizza Huts hourly rate is high within the food service industry.Since Hong Kong government activity has implemented a stripped wage, McDonalds has also begun to focalize on the welfare of the employees. Pizza Hut was using two motivation methods extrinsic motivation and indwelling motivation to motivate employees. For the extrins ic motivation, Pizza Huts crew salary change magnitude to HK$ 28 from HK$ 21 (After the implement of minimum wage). Moreover, Pizza Huts salaries include restaurant Tips, Tips depend on customers given to restaurant and divide by the total number of employees of the restaurant. nary(prenominal) just salary, but also Pizza Hut given bonus to all full time employees per year.And then, Pizza Hut established the outstanding staff award to motivate employee. About the award recommended by the restaurant manager, the w intragroup leave alone have HK$ 300 bonus. In addition, according to Hong Kongs legal, Pizza Hut also provided Mandatory long Fund (MPF) to employee. Lastly, Pizza Hut provided differences kick benefits for employees, include Medical benefit, insurance discount, and 20% off staff discount. Staff discount not just included pizza hut, but also is included all related Jardine Matheson subsidiary companies, for example Maxims Caterers Limited and Wellcome.For the intrinsic motivation, Pizza Hut allow be time implementation of the melody rotation method to stoping staff. Employees not just learn their basic work, but also they have the opportunities to learn cashier or kitchen. Finally, staff can study the dispersion of work management to support supervisor. Give rise to smell out of challenge, receiving appreciation and positive recognition. Moreover, the employee begin to work, supervisor will report the companys new instruction to staff, and the daily sales targets.In addition supervisor will be highly praised the staff for good performance at the briefing. McDonalds was the same using two motivation methods extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation to motivate employees. For the extrinsic motivation, McDonaldss crew salary additiond to HK$ 28 from HK$ 19 (After the implement of minimum wage). Moreover, the salaries included Profit sharing and restaurant cash incentive, same pizza hut tips bonus. And then, McDonalds established the out standing staff award to motivate employee too. In addition, according to Hong Kongs legal, McDonalds provided MPF to employee.Lastly, McDonalds provided differences fringe benefits for employees, included group Term Life, pigeonholing Medical Insurance, Group Dental Plan, Education Sponsorship Program, and pro Management discipline both locally. About fringe benefits, McDonalds better than Pizza Hut. For the intrinsic motivation, McDonalds was the same in pizza hut intrinsic. In Fact, all of the food service industry company is using these methods to rise to sense of challenge, receiving appreciation and positive recognition etc. 5. 5 Leadership Hierarchy Division of Pizza HutHierarchy Division of McDonalds 5. 6 Human Resource Management Human Resource Management is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organizations most valued assets the population workings there who individually and collectively contribute to the action of the objective of the busine ss. The Human Resources Management Process For the McDonalds in pile philosophy, they have a specific people vision To be the best employer in all(prenominal) community around the World. Being the best means opportunities, formulation and development satisfaction, rewards and recognition.Moreover, McDonalds make a secure to their employee. To all their present and future employees, McDonaldsd like you to know that there are committed. We value you, your growth and your contributions. On the other hand, McDonalds have in place 5 people principles to reflect McDonalds values and commitment to their people. It includes (1) Respect and recognition (2) value and Leadership behaviors (3) competitive pay and benefits (4) Learning, development and own(prenominal) growth (5) Resources to get the business organization done. About the human resources management, McDonalds focus on every employee more than Pizza Hut.Recruitment Pizza Hut and McDonalds are using these methods to attractin g applicants. Internet-based advert / Print-ad in Magazines or newspaper / Employee Referrals / Applicant Initiated / mull Fairs / Employment Agencies Selection The process of screening job applicants to ensure that the most appropriate candidates are engage Pizza Hut and McDonalds are use differences types of infusion Devices. Pizza Hut Application form - call into question (restaurant manager) - Reference checks McDonalds Application form nd Questionnaire - discourse (restaurant manager) - Reference checks Orientation New employee orientation effectively integrates the new employee into your organization and assists with retention, motivation, job satisfaction, and quickly change each individual to become contributing members of the work team. Pizza Hut and McDonalds Introduction (Rules, Policy, organisational Structure and Company instruction) and a tour of the workplace Training A basic operation in the work of the manager is to develop people and to direct, encourage an d train employee.Those companies are using these methods to amend the availability, quality and skills of staff. Pizza Hut and McDonalds are using e-Leaning of job exposition, establish Lesson for differences hierarchy level, such(prenominal) as crew need to study customer service standard, how to handling animadvert senior need to study how to contribute work to another colleague Manager need to study manage in restaurant etc. death penalty management Approach to developing the capabilities of employees Pizza Hut and McDonalds in addition will be unplowed by the supervisor to practice role tackle training to subordinate.Moreover, the two companies will also remove in external Mystery consumer companies to measure restaurant can achieve the setting of customer service standards, demonstrable training plan or to enhance the training program based on test scores. other will be conducted annually upward appraisal, Managers are appraised by their staff. 5. 7 nuance & Diversity organisational Culture between Pizza Hut and McDonalds Organizational cultureis the collective behaviour of people that are part of an organization, it is also formed by the organization values, visions, norms, working language, agreements, and symbols, it includes beliefs and abits.Strong culture can give rise a stronger employee commitment to the organization. As the result, every organization essential have their differences organizational culture. For the Pizza Hut, the mission averment is With Customer passionateness corporate culture, we ensure every dining condition is a delightful experience. We promise and the vision are to be the Leading fooling Dining Restaurant in Hong Kong and Macau bringing our customers gratifying yet affordable European cuisine by capitalizing on our brand equity and to be the No. 1 Pizza Delivery Provider crack world class pizza delicacies always vitriolic and on time.Slogan of Pizza Hut With Customer Mania corporate culture, we ensure ev ery dining occasion is a delightful experience. In order to come across its mission, Pizza Hut has develop some unique, policies, principles, rules, processes and procedures, the sum total of which from the Pizza Hut culture (1) dissonant door Policy Managers doors are open to employees at all levels, because the manager dose not just do all slightly manage restaurant. During the dot hours, manager will work with general staff together. Therefore, manager can easier to listen to the voice from the employee. 2) social function culture Bureaucratic control roles and job description is most essential than the individual and position is the main(prenominal) source of power, control by procedures and rules, coordinated by a few senior managers.On the Pizza Hut, everything always have their standard for staff to fulfill, such as food quality standard, dress and grooming standard etc. If their staff cannot meet the standard, they will buck by the manager. (3) Ethical Culture Pizza Hut has a very powerful and positive work out on employee behavior, focus on means as well as outcomes. 4) Customer Responsive Culture Since Pizza Hut is very focus on increase customer satisfaction. They hiring the type of employees, for example ones with a more interest are helpful and lucky temper to serving customer. Having great listen skills to have ability to listen to and understand messages sent by the customer. Providing role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and strife and increase job satisfaction. Having conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiative even outside their normal job duties For the McDonalds, the mission and values statement is to be our customers ducky place and way to eat.Our worldwide operations are aligned around a global system called the Plan to Win, which center on an exceptional customer experience People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. We are committed to infinitely improving our operations and enhancing our custo mers experience. In order to fulfill its mission, Pizza Hut has develop some unique, policies, principles, rules, processes and procedures, the sum total of which from the McDonalds culture (1) Customer Responsive Culture McDonalds same with Pizza Hut, they are focus on increase customer satisfaction.They hiring the type of employees, for example ones with a more interest are helpful and favorable personality to serving customer. Having great listen skills to have ability to listen to and understand messages sent by the customer. Providing role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and infringe and increase job satisfaction. Having conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiative even outside their normal job duties (2) Workplace spirituality Recognize that their employees have an inner life, moisturize and nourish meaningful work, a place within the community.Since McDonalds focus on charity work, such as established Donald McDonald house Charities to offering a suppo rtive environment, parents are able to care for their unappeasable children during an incredibly stressful time. In addition, McDonalds often motivate employee to participate more about charity work. (3) People Orientation Degree to which management finales take into pecker the effects on people in the organization. Organizational Diversity between Pizza Hut and McDonalds Managing novelty accepts that the workforce consists of a diverse population of people.The diversity consists of visible and non-visible differences which will include sex, age, background, race, disability personality and work style. It is founded on the premise that harnessing these differences will create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued, where their talents are being fully utilized, and in which organizational goals are met. According to the Hong Kong legals on eliminating age discrimination in employment, employers have the prime responsibility for encouraging equal employment oppor tunities and for eliminating discrimination in the workplace, so Pizza Hut and McDonalds are also comply with the law.Employees are Pizza Hut and McDonalds greatest asset. But two companies have their own organizational diversity. For the pizza hut, there are more than 4,000 people, since pizza hut focus on customer satisfaction and customer service quality than McDonalds, so that Pizza Hut dose not employs any persons with intellectual disabilities in secretly. Contrary, McDonalds hire people not because of the people physical abilities and quality. For example, McDonalds staff Wong Man Yu awarded bully Disabled Employees Awards by the Labour Department in 2006.It reflect McDonalds support their employees have any physical problem. 5. 8 Information Technology Information Technology is the use of computers and software to manage information. In some companies, this is referred to as Management Information Services (or MIS) or simply as Information Services (or IS). The information technology department of a large company would be responsible for storing information, protecting information, processing the information, transmit the information as necessary, and later retrieving information as necessary.Nowadays, many organizations are using information technology to increase work efficiency and effectiveness. Since information technology can increase business performance, better decision making based on information and greater accessibility to coworkers. So that, Pizza Hut and McDonalds are use many information technology to support their business (1) Information Systems accounting information system to record or calculate all about sales, salaries etc parentage system to monitor store inventory and though internet to purchase daily restaurants needs.Point of sales systems. Office automation systems, transaction processing systems, distribution systems, etc. (2) Electronic Commerce System this part is very important in business, theyre use to selling, deliver ing, servicing and paying for products and services using internet. For the payment, Pizza Hut using credit card reader and Visa Pay wave McDonalds using octopus and Visa pay wave. (3) Networked Computer system Linking individual computers to create an organizational network for communication and information sharing.They are using e-mail, instant messaging, character-mail to dealing with online delivery business, Fax machines to receive order confirm from food supplier. Electronic Data Exchange (EDI). Teleconferencing. Videoconferencing. 5. 9 Communication Communication between managers and employees provides the information necessary to get work done effectively and efficiently in organizations. Communication major functions are Control, Motivation, Emotional observation and Information. Communication is very important part of business. Pizza Hut and McDonalds use interpersonal methods.For example Face-to-face, Telephone, Group meetings, Formal presentation, Memos, Traditional Mail, Fax machines, Audio-and videotapes, Daily briefing, Hotline, E-mail, Voice mail and Teleconference to communicate with employee. Face to face, speech sound and Memos are basic tools to connect employee and management. But about the organization contact restaurant, they are use daily briefing, E-mail to update information about organization. 5 Conclusion Through identifying and analyzing the following motivation, leadership, human resource management, culture and diversity, information technology, communication. I found thatFor the organization structure, the difference of these companies is Hong Kong McDonalds was implemented area division models for global company structure. On the other hand, Pizza Hut just implemented hierarchy and functional Division. For the approaches to management & Organizational behaviour, about the motivation, McDonalds hourly salaries have been low for long. Yet, ever since Hong Kong Government has implemented the minimum wage, the corporate has no choice but to increase salaries of the workers. On the contrary, the average hourly wages of Pizza Hut workers are relatively higher than McDonalds.About the Leadership, Human Resources Management, Information technology and communication, Since Pizza Hut and McDonalds are the same industry in food service restaurant, which means their organizational behaviour always the same. But about the diversity, McDonalds is better than Pizza Hut, it is because McDonalds hire people not because of the people physical abilities and quality. If Pizza Hut and McDonalds can solve above problem, they can improve their business more.