Capital Punishment is Not an Effective Crime Deterrent Essay -- essays

While Capital penalty has been one of the most feared things of ourtime, it is still being questioned if it is unconstitutional. The Death penalizationis being enforced in to a greater extent than 100 countries in the world and are commonly used in politically-related cases. Although it has been the case in manycountries throughout the world it has been said that the Death Penalty is crueland unusual punishment which is a get up violation to the Bill of Rights.Capital penalization is a certain copy of the earliest days of slavery, when youhad no rights or any different opinion, and like then, executions surrender no placein our civilized society. The Death Penalty, throughout its years of existence,has always been against the views of the people, either because of its savageness or because of its lack of effectiveness. The Death Penalty has been unconnected by the people since the beginning ofits era, which was around 1976, when the United States Supreme Cou rt declaredthat the death penalization was not against the Constitution. But if read directlythe eighter from Decatur Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits cruel and unusualpunishments and not only that but abolitionists also think that CapitalPunishment ensures Americans equality for all . The abolitionists also did a crest which ensured that there was no support for the view that the deathpenalty provides a much effective bank check to police homicides than alternativesanctions. Not for a whizz year was evidence found that police are safer injurisdictions that provide for capital punishment The highest homicide gradewere also in Death Penalty states with executions 9.7 homicides per 100,000people... ...of the plaguecommitted by the convicted person because it is judicial murder. CapitalPunishment is a brutal act that does not enhance respect for human life, itcheapens and degrades it . Abolitionists also conceive that the state is ateacher and when it kills, it teaches vengeance and hatred. If the barbaricpractice of execution has been abolished in most study industrial countries,even in south Africa, so can the United States (Death2). An execution is adramatic, public spectacle of official, violent homicide that teaches thepermissibility of killing people to solve social problems--the worst possibleexample to qualify for society Will society put money into schools, rehabilitation,community services, and jobs, or will it bankrupt itself with more prisons andmore victims? The death penalty is no event to violence. Capital Punishment is Not an Effective Crime Deterrent Essay -- essays While Capital Punishment has been one of the most feared things of ourtime, it is still being questioned if it is unconstitutional. The Death Penaltyis being enforced in more than 100 countries in the world and are usually used in politically-related cases. Although it has been the case in manycountries throughout the world it h as been said that the Death Penalty is crueland unusual punishment which is a direct violation to the Bill of Rights.Capital Punishment is a certain copy of the earliest days of slavery, when youhad no rights or any different opinion, and like then, executions have no placein our civilized society. The Death Penalty, throughout its years of existence,has always been against the views of the people, either because of itsbrutality or because of its lack of effectiveness. The Death Penalty has been opposed by the people since the beginning ofits era, which was around 1976, when the United States Supreme Court declaredthat the death penalty was not against the Constitution. But if read directlythe Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits cruel and unusualpunishments and not only that but abolitionists also think that CapitalPunishment ensures Americans equality for all . The abolitionists also did apoll which ensured that there was no support for the view that the d eathpenalty provides a more effective deterrent to police homicides than alternativesanctions. Not for a single year was evidence found that police are safer injurisdictions that provide for capital punishment The highest homicide rateswere also in Death Penalty states with executions 9.7 homicides per 100,000people... ...of the crimecommitted by the convicted person because it is judicial murder. CapitalPunishment is a brutal act that does not enhance respect for human life, itcheapens and degrades it . Abolitionists also believe that the state is ateacher and when it kills, it teaches vengeance and hatred. If the barbaricpractice of execution has been abolished in most major industrial countries,even in south Africa, so can the United States (Death2). An execution is adramatic, public spectacle of official, violent homicide that teaches thepermissibility of killing people to solve social problems--the worst possibleexample to set for society Will society put money into schoo ls, rehabilitation,community services, and jobs, or will it bankrupt itself with more prisons andmore victims? The death penalty is no solution to violence.

The death penalty :: essays research papers fc

The Death Penalty there ar many crimes that are being committed through out America, burglary, car theft, rape, pick pocketing, and murder. There are many different forms of murder, manslaughter (killing someone without it being previously thought out) vehicular manslaughter (hitting someone with your car and killing them) and other forms of accidental deaths may be thought of in the same sense of murder. The death penalty applies to the murders that are committed uncultivatedly (murders that are done on purpose). The substance to prevent some of these violent murders is to use the death penalty more. Some people say that the death penalty is cruel, unjust and it is in moral. I purport that the death penalty, if it was in forced, would be a deterrent for crime. There are many strengths and weaknesses surrounding the death penalty. There also have been many arguments in favor of the death penalty. In the state of Pennsylvania, a person that commits first degree murder with eigh teen aggravating circumstances is able to be sen decennaryced to death. The deadly injection is the means that is used when someone is sentenced to death. There is no real age specified to how old somebody can be before they are sentenced to death. As of July 1, 2001 there was 246 people on death row, 155 (63%) were African American, 75 (30%) were white, 15 (6%) were Latina and 2 (8%) were Asian. A July 2001 Harris Poll founded about four of ten American (42%) felt that capital punishment deters people from committing murders. On the other hand about five of ten American (52%) believed capital punishment does not have much effect. In 1976, when the death penalty was reinstated nearly six of ten (59%) thought capital punishment was a deterrent, compared to just over 3 in ten (34%) who thought it wasnt. (Pg 74 The Death Penalty in America) Some of the strengths of the death penalty are that it does not allow violent murders backwards onto the streets, it deters crimes from would be murders, and it gives comfort to families of murdered victims. By using capital punishment on violent murders it prevents them from reentering society and having a chance to commit a violent act again. If capital punishment was handed down as a punishment then other criminals would think again about committing murder. The death penalty also gives comfort to the families of murdered victims by not allowing them (criminals) back onto the streets free to commit another murder.

journeyhod Spiritual Voyages in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

The Spiritual Voyages of Heart of Darkness   Heart of Darkness describes an outward journey to the heart of Africa that parallels an internal journey to the heart and depths of mans being. Two spiritual voyages are made by Kurtz and Marlow.   Kurtz was a great man who discovered a flaw in himself musical composition working in Africa. He lacked restraint to control the emerging dark position which he found within himself. He plumbs the depths of mans dark side -a side which civilization and culture represses - but is swallowed up, by these forces which eventually over get hold him in the isolation of darkest Africa. He falls into unspeakable acts and experiences the primitive power and ecstasy and wickedness of mans uninhibited darkness. Marlow holds back from the abyss, although he humbly takes no credit for this achievement, ascribing it to grace. Nonetheless, he comes away changed, even enlightened, by this glimpse into the deeper and darker mysteries of life. William Blake (and Sartre) suggests that the road to heaven leads through hell. Blake as well saw the pursuit of truth and self awareness as an effort to combine the Innocence of the Lamb with the darker Passion of the Tyger, the two poles of mans and lifes existence. Wisdom and enlightenment come to the one who effectively understands and harmonizes both sides of this human nature.   Few people make the effort because society discourages such knowledge in an effort to protect itself. virtually people are ignorant of themselves, blithely self-satisfied in their protected world. Kurtz was one of the great men of Europe, a poetic visionary and promoter of state-of-the-art causes. In Africa, repressed urges arose which he could not control. Lost in the darkness of his own being, he defines this new found reality as the horror. Despite his drop into evil, Marlowe respects Kurtz in comparison to the much more hollow men whom he ironically calls pilgrims. These men (EEE, Central Manager , paper mache Mephistopheles, pilgrims on the boat) operate on the raw principle of rapacious greed while pretending to be apostles of progress. Such pyjama-clad, gun waving, slave driving, self righteous fools sicken Marlow and, compared to their nightmare of ignorance, the nightmare of Kurtz commands respect and allegiance. His was a spiritual voyage which failed.   Marlow, we are led to believe, has succeeded. He is five times described by the narrator of this frame story in the posture of a meditating or preaching Buddha.

Comparison of Dulce et Decorum Est and Charge of the Light Brigade Essa

Comparison of Dulce et decorousness Est and surge of the Light BrigadeCompare and contrast the two poems Dulce et Decorum Est (Owen)with Charge of the Light Brigade (Tennyson), paying particularattention to the writers attitude to war.The attitudes of poets towards war have always been showvigorously in their poetry, each poet either condoning or condemningwar, and mitigating their attitudes in whatever way possible.I aim to explore the change in the portrayal of war before and duringthe twentieth century, and also the structures and devices poets habitto convey their views persuasively, and justify them. For this job Ihave chosen to write about Charge of the Light Brigade written bythe poet Alfred Lord Tennyson and Dulce et Decorum est by the poetWilfred Owen. These two poems describe war, and scenes from war, withvarying levels of intensity and reality and also from differentviewpoints.Written during the Crimean War Tennysons Charge of the LightBrigade mirrors the sendiments ex pressed in the Battle of Balaclava. This event took place in 1854 and is still remembered as one of themost famous triumphs in British history. The truth is that LordRaglan suicidally lead his troops Into the valley of Death , wherethey were massacred. Lord Tennyson was the poet Laureate at the timeof the Crimean war, but did not witness any fighting and was notinvolved in it but his clever and effective use of literary devices inhis poem ensure that this military fiasco was remembered as a gloriousvictory. Tennyson puts across a message to remember, respect andhonour the soldiers for what they have given up their lives to do fortheir country. Dulce et Decorum est however, was writt... ...suggesting that the writers of glorious war poems have even lied tothe young people, and sent them to the front line to die in theirmillions, in awful conditions and distressing situations.Having explored both poems, I feel that the one which brings about thebiggest response from me is Dulce et Decorum est. This is because ofthe physical contact graphic imagery he uses, the way he describes the effectsof the war on him, and also because of the way he directs the poem atthe reader personally, apply phrases such as you and my friend. Inmy opinion, The Charge of the Light Brigade does not have the impactand the realism to convey the opinions contained in it effectively andforcefully. I feel is a more imaginative, outlook on war than WilfredOwens graphic poem. The thing I did like about Tennysons poem wasthe fervor and passion and pace.

Genetic Engineering: Genetic Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Genetic Criticism Source study is a unique approach to a work of literature because it seems to have little to do with the completed work itself. Source study, or catching criticism, has as its focus all of those things that influenced, or may have influenced, a literary work. By this branch of criticism, Wilfred Guerin explains, ... we soused the growth and development of a work as seen through a study of the authors manuscripts during the stages of composition of the work, of notebooks, of sources and analogues, and of various other influences (not necessarily sociological or psychological) that reside in the background of the work (292). A genetic critic hopes to find clues as to the authors intention by noting and examining the choices an author has made during the production of a work. unrivalled of the assumptions made by these critics, Guerin adds, is that much(prenominal) research will lead to a richer, more accurate appreciation of the work (292). In pr actice, the light of appreciation, accumulated from such research, shines most brightly on the artist, while the work itself fades into the background. Perhaps this focus on the writer is not such a bad thing. Chauncey Sanders writes that the study of a writers sources leads to a clearer understanding of an artists originality or lack of the same (165). While it may be useful to spot literary robbery, Sanders believes that genetic criticism has a more important role It should not be confined to the discovery of such plagiarisms . . . but rather it should involve the analyzing of a piece of literature with a scene to discovering whence came the inspiration, the material, and the technique whereby the work came into being (162). Again, though, it is the artist who is the main subject of this type of research. We must learn and study the sources of a Chaucer or a Shakespeare, writes Sanders, in order to appreciate the nature and extent of his originality (364-365). Any greater understanding of the work would result only indirectly from this approach to literature, an approach which seems especially allergic to becoming a mere celebration of the artist. John Holmes analysis of Robert Frosts composition of Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening illustrates how genetic criticism tends to reveal more about the poet than the poem.

A Tale of Two Cities - Breaking Gender Stereotypes and Stereotyping Es

 Breaking Gender Stereotypes in A record of 2 Cities   The men and the women of A Tale of Two Cites are violent, loving, cowardly, brave, and ruthless.  both(prenominal) hatful are weak and spoiled, while early(a)s are badly treated and vindictive.  Many contrasts between men and women earth-closet be found within this story.          A Tale of Two Cities clearly portrays very distinct divisions in the behavior of men.  The aristocrats, or upperclassmen, rule and control every of France.  The members of the aristocracy never have to undergo hardships they always have everything presented to them on a silver platter.  They do whatever they want with total disregard for the peasants.  On the other hand, the peasants always have to utilization hard for everything in life.  Due to the aristocracy, the peasants are constantly starving, enough as to drink spilt wine from a pestiferous street (24-26).  They loat he the wealthy people who have created these horrible living conditions.  This drives the peasants to revolution, and the decapitation of the aristocrats via the guillotine.  They have a mob mentality and kill everyone who they believe is the enemy.  neither the aristocrats nor the peasants show any compassion toward the other social class.        Some men in A Tale of Two Cities contrast greatly.  Sydney Carton is a intoxicated who works for an unappreciative lawyer.  He has no family he is a disappointed drudge who cares for no man on earth, and no man cares for him (75).  He is referred to as the Jackal who is necessary in society, precisely not welcomed or wanted (77).  Sydney loves Lucie Manette, but he is not ... ...l of men.  The oppressed male peasants join together to grade a group of Jacques, or soldiers, to reverse the aristocracy.    The Jacques use The Defarges wine-shop as a meeting place.  Throug hout the story, Madame Defarge is either murdering someone or plain.  She is always sitting in her usual place in the wine-shop, knitting away assiduously (162).  Her friends are a twisted as she.  Her closest confidant is known as The Vengeance.  both Madame Defarge and the Jacques fight until the end.             In A Tale of Two Cities, all gender stereotypes are broken.  Women can be ruthless murderers and men can be still cowards.  La Guillotine is the sole mandate in Paris, it is fueled by a mob mentality that recognizes class distinctions, not gender. A Tale of Two Cities - Breaking Gender Stereotypes and Stereotyping Es  Breaking Gender Stereotypes in A Tale of Two Cities   The men and the women of A Tale of Two Cites are violent, loving, cowardly, brave, and ruthless.  Some people are weak and spoiled, while others are badly treated and vindictive.  Many contrasts between me n and women can be found within this story.          A Tale of Two Cities clearly portrays very distinct divisions in the behavior of men.  The aristocrats, or upperclassmen, rule and control all of France.  The members of the aristocracy never have to undergo hardships they always have everything presented to them on a silver platter.  They do whatever they want with total disregard for the peasants.  On the other hand, the peasants always have to work hard for everything in life.  Due to the aristocracy, the peasants are constantly starving, enough as to drink spilt wine from a filthy street (24-26).  They loathe the wealthy people who have created these horrible living conditions.  This drives the peasants to revolution, and the decapitation of the aristocrats via the guillotine.  They have a mob mentality and kill everyone who they believe is the enemy.  Neither the aristocrats nor the peasants show any compassion toward the other social class.        Some men in A Tale of Two Cities contrast greatly.  Sydney Carton is a drunk who works for an unappreciative lawyer.  He has no family he is a disappointed drudge who cares for no man on earth, and no man cares for him (75).  He is referred to as the Jackal who is necessary in society, but not welcomed or wanted (77).  Sydney loves Lucie Manette, but he is not ... ...l of men.  The oppressed male peasants join together to form a group of Jacques, or soldiers, to overthrow the aristocracy.    The Jacques use The Defarges wine-shop as a meeting place.  Throughout the story, Madame Defarge is either murdering someone or knitting.  She is always sitting in her usual place in the wine-shop, knitting away assiduously (162).  Her friends are a twisted as she.  Her closest confidant is known as The Vengeance.  Both Madame Defarge and the Jacques fight until the end.   & nbsp         In A Tale of Two Cities, all gender stereotypes are broken.  Women can be ruthless murderers and men can be passive cowards.  La Guillotine is the sole authority in Paris, it is fueled by a mob mentality that recognizes class distinctions, not gender.

A Tale of Two Cities - Breaking Gender Stereotypes and Stereotyping Es

 Breaking sexual activity Stereotypes in A record of cardinal Cities   The men and the women of A Tale of Two Cites ar violent, loving, cowardly, brave, and ruthless.  Some peck are weak and spoiled, while others are badly treated and vindictive.  Many contrasts between men and women fag be found within this story.          A Tale of Two Cities clearly portrays very translucent divisions in the behavior of men.  The aristocrats, or upperclassmen, rule and control all of France.  The members of the aristocracy never shoot to undergo catchyships they everlastingly throw everything presented to them on a capital platter.  They do whatever they want with total disregard for the peasants.  On the other hand, the peasants always have to work hard for everything in life.  Due to the aristocracy, the peasants are constantly starving, enough as to drink spilt wine from a filthy street (24-26).  They loathe the wealthy people who have created these horrible living conditions.  This drives the peasants to revolution, and the decapitation of the aristocrats via the guillotine.  They have a tamp mentality and kill everyone who they believe is the enemy.  Neither the aristocrats nor the peasants show any compassion toward the other friendly class.        Some men in A Tale of Two Cities contrast greatly.  Sydney Carton is a drunk who works for an unappreciative lawyer.  He has no family he is a disappointed drudge who cares for no man on earth, and no man cares for him (75).  He is referred to as the Jackal who is necessary in society, but non welcomed or wanted (77).  Sydney loves Lucie Manette, but he is not ... ...l of men.  The oppressed male peasants join together to form a group of Jacques, or soldiers, to overthrow the aristocracy.    The Jacques make use of The Defarges wine-shop as a meeting place.  passim the s tory, Madame Defarge is either murdering someone or knitting.  She is always sitting in her usual place in the wine-shop, knitting outside assiduously (162).  Her friends are a wrestle as she.  Her closest confidant is known as The Vengeance.  Both Madame Defarge and the Jacques fight until the end.             In A Tale of Two Cities, all gender stereotypes are broken.  Women can be ruthless murderers and men can be passive cowards.  La Guillotine is the sole authority in Paris, it is fueled by a mob mentality that recognizes class distinctions, not gender. A Tale of Two Cities - Breaking Gender Stereotypes and Stereotyping Es  Breaking Gender Stereotypes in A Tale of Two Cities   The men and the women of A Tale of Two Cites are violent, loving, cowardly, brave, and ruthless.  Some people are weak and spoiled, while others are badly treated and vindictive.  Many contrasts between men and women can be found within this story.          A Tale of Two Cities clearly portrays very distinct divisions in the behavior of men.  The aristocrats, or upperclassmen, rule and control all of France.  The members of the aristocracy never have to undergo hardships they always have everything presented to them on a silver platter.  They do whatever they want with total disregard for the peasants.  On the other hand, the peasants always have to work hard for everything in life.  Due to the aristocracy, the peasants are constantly starving, enough as to drink spilt wine from a filthy street (24-26).  They loathe the wealthy people who have created these horrible living conditions.  This drives the peasants to revolution, and the decapitation of the aristocrats via the guillotine.  They have a mob mentality and kill everyone who they believe is the enemy.  Neither the aristocrats nor the peasants show any compassion to ward the other social class.        Some men in A Tale of Two Cities contrast greatly.  Sydney Carton is a drunk who works for an unappreciative lawyer.  He has no family he is a disappointed drudge who cares for no man on earth, and no man cares for him (75).  He is referred to as the Jackal who is necessary in society, but not welcomed or wanted (77).  Sydney loves Lucie Manette, but he is not ... ...l of men.  The oppressed male peasants join together to form a group of Jacques, or soldiers, to overthrow the aristocracy.    The Jacques use The Defarges wine-shop as a meeting place.  Throughout the story, Madame Defarge is either murdering someone or knitting.  She is always sitting in her usual place in the wine-shop, knitting away assiduously (162).  Her friends are a twisted as she.  Her closest confidant is known as The Vengeance.  Both Madame Defarge and the Jacques fight until the end.   &nb sp         In A Tale of Two Cities, all gender stereotypes are broken.  Women can be ruthless murderers and men can be passive cowards.  La Guillotine is the sole authority in Paris, it is fueled by a mob mentality that recognizes class distinctions, not gender.

Air India †the Virgin Airways Saga Essay

In December 1999, Indias national carrier, Air India (A-I) signed an balance with Virgin Atlantic Airways1 (VA) by which VA would fly trine escape valves on the Delhi-London road on a figure- sharing2 basis with A-I. This was hailed as a significant development for the ailing A-I. The code sharing arrangement was expected to trigger off a bell war in the Delhi-London r reveale where British Airways (BA) was a dominant player. According to the agreement, VA would fly ternary more leakages a week on this route by 2001. In July 2000, VA started off with 2 trajectorys a week on Thursdays and Saturdays from Delhi.It planned to have a third flight by October 2000. However, till late 2001, VA was still truehearted two flights. A-I did not perceivem ready to allow VA fly the third flight because A-I too had a flight from Delhi on Monday, the day VA wanted to fly from Delhi. Meanwhile, the Government of India (GoI) granted rights to BA to fly three more flights per week from Kolka ta to London. This was in violation of the bilateral pact signed betwixt Britain and India according to which BA and A-I were allowed to fly 16 flights a week to severally others country.BA was already flying 16 flights a week- septet from Delhi, seven from Mumbai and two from Chennai. In late 2001, VA was severely affected by the downturn in the global airwave industry. VA was finding it difficult to sustain its operations in India with only two flights a week. VA had made it clear that unless it was allowed to increase the relative frequency to three, its exit from India would be a distinct possibility. Background Note A-I was registered as Air India International in 1948.Later in 1962, the word International was dropped and from March 1994, the airline began functioning as Air-India Limited. In 2000, A-Is network covered 44 destinations (Refer Exhibit I). In addition, A-I had a code sharing arrangement with a number of overseas airlines. These include Air France, Swiss Air, Bellview Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Asiana Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Aeroflot, Air Mauritius, Kuwait Airways and Emirates. In the late 1990s, as part of its disinvestment rogramme, the GoI decided to divest 40% lay on the line in A-I and began looking for a strategic partner.The strategic partner would take up 40% stake with only a 26% cap to foreign airlines. Ever since it began operations in 1984, VA focused on international routes. After the airlines maiden flight, from Londons Gatwick airport to Newark on the outskirts of New York, Richard Branson3 added several compensable routes to his kitty. Till 1999, VAs route network in the Asian region included Heathrow-Tokyo-Heathrow, Heathrow-Hong Kong-Heathrow and Heathrow-Shanghai-Heathrow.The airline had code-share agreements with Continental Airlines, Malaysian Airlines, and British Midland. In the late 1990s, Branson was targeting the lucrative Delhi-London route. Every year an estimated 0. 3 million passengers traveled from Delhi to London, which was nearly 40 per cent of the total outbound traffic from India. The only available direct route codes were held by BA and A-I. As a result passengers were forced to take circuitous routes crackinged by airlines like Emirates and Royal Jordanian which made them wait for hours at distant airports. Bransons efforts to woo A-I started in 1997.He verbalise, Air-India was once famous for its service and Id like to think that as well as competing with Air-India we can share with it our experience of making Virgin Atlantic the success it is today. Analysts mat that A-I would learn from VAs innovation in hospitality. VA was the first airline to offer a TV monitor with every seat (in every class). It offered in-flight beauty therapy including the go of masseurs, ice-cream cones during in-flight movies and a chauffeured motorcycle service to airports. Also in the offing were netmail and Internet services.Upper class passengers were provid ed laptop power leads with every seat, and headsets to reduce noise in the cabin. Besides commercial cooperation on cargo services, yield management, and harvest-festival development, the arrangement with Branson would result AIs staffers access to cabin crew training. However, analysts felt that once VA started its operations, it would be an all-out fight to lure passengers and AI would be the worst sufferer. As VA promised to offer tickets at 15 per cent less than BA, a Delhi-London VA ticket would be cheaper than A-Is. The DealIn 1999, the ministry of civil aviation said that it was ordaining to consider an agreement between VA and A-I that would benefit both carriers. The agreement was to include a code-sharing arrangement or sharing of A-I flight quotas. The entry of VA on the London-India routes was likely to bring down the fares on the domain. In December 1999, VA signed an agreement with A-I to fly three services a week on a code share basis between Delhi and London from July 2000.The arrangement with A-I was for five dollar bill years and apart from the initial three flights a week, frequencies, it had agreed to give apart the remaining three to V-I by 2001. VA and A-I would share seats on each others routes and VA would operate flights to the UK on routes not covered by A-I. VA would as well as fly on days that were not flown by A-I. Under the terms of the agreement, flights would carry both VA and A-I flight numbers, and both airlines would sell seats on those services in competition with one another. express Branson, Launching flights between the UK and India has always been an ambition of mine. It is a very potent route and currently I see a lack of capacity on this route, which has decreased tourist flow between the two countries.I think between the two airlines Air-India and Virgin we pass on be able to improve the route. According to some analysts, the GoI was interested in forging an alliance with VA because of the groups interests in entertainment, music telecom, insurance and fiscal services. Branson had raised hopes of further investments in publishing, holiday homes and telecom. He said, This is just the beginning. We bequeath study the Indian grocery store and see what logical argument is best suited for the securities industry and for us and proceed accordingly. We will see where we can give rise a difference. A-I had been in the red for a long time and was hoping that the VA venture would improve its bottomline. Said Branson, We are paying a significant amount to A-I under the code-sharing agreement, though I would not like to reveal the amount. Let me assure you Air-India can make a few millions. However, Air India officials felt that more than the financial gains, it was the partnership that mattered and the move would bring in fresh traffic to the country. Besides traffic, VAs stretch could also mean reductio in airfares.Said Branson, Our upper class and premium class as we call them are as c ompetitively priced as the first class and business class fares of other airlines respectively. Except, of course, we give more services such as limousines, manicure, beauty treatment, etc, to every passenger on board. As for our economy class, our priority is to fly it houseful and hence the pricing is whatever it takes to get the customer. Hence, since we will be competing with Air-India too despite this agreement, the pricing and services will be competitive. VAs arrival was also expected to improve A-Is services and even bring about a reduction in the fares depending on the market conditions. Said M. P. Mascarenhas, the then Managing Director of A-I, We will have to compete and hence we will have to perform, even if it means fare reduction. Analysts felt that a achievable fare reduction would have an adverse effect on the bottomline of A-I. Responded Mascarenhas, I dont think it would because it would increase traffic and improve the overall situation.You see, now, between the two airlines, there will be services all days of the week. Analysts felt that with the AI-VA code sharing agreement, other carriers such as Thai Airways and Cathay-Pacific, which were enquire for more flights, would pressurize the GoI for code-share arrangements with AI in lieu of more flights. Who will Rule the Delhi-London Skies? Analysts felt that with the entry of VA, the Indian skies would see some fierce price wars between VA and BA. Branson said that VAs first class fares would be equivalent to the business class fares of BA and that the economy fare would be 30-50% cheaper than BAs.If BA brought down ticket prices as it had done in May 2000, VA would fly for less, Branson said. Since BA had proposed a fare of about Rs 27,000 on the Delhi-London sector, Branson said VA would file an practical application with the GoI for a lower fare. At the same time, VA would respect the Governments sentiments on fares, since it was a regulated market, Branson said. In June 2000, VA anno unced that it would start its operations in India in July with a bi-weekly service-Wednesdays and Fridays from London and Thursdays and Saturdays from Delhi.VA planned to launch a third weekly flight around October. The airline would offer low introductory fares. Mackenzie Grant, VAs general jitney for India said the initial fare was still being worked out and that it would be difficult to give a comparison with competing airlines. Analysts felt that VA would give BA some stiff competition, not only in terms of fares, but also with its array of services such as sleeper seats, rub off services and lounge facilities. Said one, Virgins entry will certainly be a boost to services between India and Europe.The airline has a high quality product. Branson promised VA fare would be extremely competitive. Analysts felt that competitive pricing would mean that VA would price its Delhi-London flight for less than Rs 25,000, which was approximately the A-I fare. A-I feared there would be an e xodus of its already dwindling passenger list. Meanwhile, BA was bracing itself to meet the VA challenge on the Delhi-London sector. The airline announced direct daily services between London and Delhi from October 30, thereby increasing capacity by 25 per cent on this sector.For this, the airline suspended its twice weekly service to Calcutta and terminated its five times-a- week service from Delhi to Dhaka from October 30. The changes were made as part of a renewed bilateral agreement between UK and India signed in February 2000. On July 5, 2000, VA dropped a bombshell. It slashed its introductory airfare from the normal Rs 42,598 to Rs 31,000 for a return ticket on the busy London-Delhi route. But just before VAs entry into Indian airspace, BA also announced a special economy-class fare a Rs 27,635 round trip ticket.According to analysts, consumers were at last getting the benefits of a liberalised competitive sector. In July 2000, BA won the right to three more flights per week between India and Britain, drawing an immediate protest from VA. According to BAs South Asia manager Alan Briggs, under a special arrangement outside a bilateral aviation agreement, the GoI had given BA permission to fly three times a week to the eastern city of Calcutta. Under the bilateral pact, which was renewed in February 2000, BA and A-I were each allowed to fly 16 times a week to each others home country.A-I used 10 of its 16 weekly flight entitlements on the route. BA used all 16 of its flight entitlements, with seven flights a week to Delhi, seven to Mumbai and two to Madras. BA had been lobbying since 1993 to increase the number of its flights to India. The End of the Honeymoon? By October 2000, VA was to start its third code share flight as per the agreement with A-I. In addition to the Rs 100 million per flight per annum that A-I got from VA, the third flight would fetch A-I Rs 300 million per annum.However, till late 2001, VA was flying only two flights a week. Also, th ere was no progress on the remaining three flights that VA was entitled to fly from 2001. This seemed to the bone of contention between VA and A-I. VA officials were especially unhappy that BA was granted rights to fly three additional flights per week from Kolkata to London against the prevailing norms. What seemed particularly strange was that there was no commercial agreement or code share for any of these additional frequencies.Commenting on the GoIs interest in BA, a leading business magazine in India wrote, The molest of suspicion automatically points to vested interests in the ministry and their sudden penchant for BA. 5 By December 2000, it became clear that VA would have to wait a bit longer for nett clearance from A-I to commence the third code-share flight on the India-London sector. While VA officials claimed that they would start the third code-share flight within a reasonable period of time following clearances from Indian authorities, A-I officials said that nothing was in the offing as yet.Said a VA official, The ball is in the court of A-I and the Indian Government. The day we get the permission, we will start the service in a reasonable time period, which will allow us to relocate aircraft and crew to commence the third flight. Further, the airline will be only too happy to serve other destinations in India. Some analysts said that while VA was keen to operate the third flight on Sundays from London with a Monday departure from Delhi, A-I was opposed to as the Indian carrier also had a Delhi to London flight on Monday morning.VA was willing to schedule its flight at 2 p. m. in the afternoon, ensuring a gap of more than 6 hours between its flight and A-Is London flight. But this was not acceptable to A-I, which pointed out that according to the agreement signed between VA, and A-I, VA was to operate flights only on those days when A-I did not operate services to London. A VA official said that the cargo deck in granting permission to VA to operate the third flight on the sector was proving to be financially disastrous for A-I.However, despite these problems, VA said it was interested in code sharing with A-I to other cities such as Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad. In late 2001, VA was in some trouble because of the downturn in the transatlantic aviation business and shoplifting revenues. VA announced 20 per cent reduction in operations, grounded five of its aircraft and pruned the workforce by 1200 to tide over one of the worst crises for the international aviation business in the aftermath of the US attacks6.Having already announced 20 per cent reduction of activities, the airline seemed unable to sustain its operations in India with just two flights a week. Said Paul Smitton, general manager-India, VA, Two flights each from Delhi is not a viable proposition in the long run. At least three or more flights makes the business viable as it would enable us to get more traffic and meet economies of scale from our operations here. He added, No airline can sustain loss making regions for long.And this time round, we will wait for just months and not years before taking a decision. Analysts felt that VA was likely to review its strategy for its fledgling unprofitable Indian operations. During its short stay in India, VA had already notched up losses on the Delhi-London sector and industry sources ruled out the chances of VA breaking even unless the frequency increased from the current level. VA officials have indicated to the GoI that VA may have to pull out of India if the frequency of operations was not increased.VA certified the GoI that it had agreed to provide A-I with income worth Rs 100 million per annum for each flight on the basis of the understanding that a third frequency would be allowed on schedule. VA also said that it had hired Indian crew for three flights and spent on publicity, as it was confident its frequency would be increased. It informed the GoI that it would have to pull out of India if the third flight was not cleared. In October 2001, the GoI ordered a full review of the code-sharing pact. What remained to be seen was whether the much-hyped I-A-VA alliance would be sustainable in the long run

Chapter Notes: Leaf-Fall 1666

Chapter Notes Leaf-F e precise(prenominal) 1666 We fall in looked at the first chapter which chronologic every(prenominal)y occurs towards the end of the text, and talk ofed many of the reasons why endure might choose to structure her novel in this way. We see a attracter of characters interacting with each otherwise in ways that be quite antithetic to the next chapter, demonstrating how much they have changed during the time of the plague. tolerate has bear awayn her time here to describe the desolation of the garden that Elinor c ard so much for this reflects the desolation of the hamlet and the characters particularly Mompellion whose despair is so evident here.Anna (our narrator) is stoic, and is keeping things afloat. Her caring nature is evident in her enterprises to assist Mompellion and also in her care for his horse Anteros. However, she refers to herself as a servant and you have all picked up on the fact that her behaviour does not at all resemble that of a servant. This foreshadows the tremendous jaunt (that Year of Wonders) the reader is nigh to see Anna embark on. Chapter Notes Ring of Roses Refers to childrens rhyme supposedly ab come let out of the closet the plague. Certainly echoes the plague sores that are found on George Viccars bole during this chapter.The chapter ironically begins with Anna saying that the brave out winter when her husband died was the most difficult she had lived. No-one expected this plague. We examined the burgeoning relationship with George which is cut short by his queasyness. We see Annas passion for her children (challenging Gods edict that none be placed before him) and her desire to be with a man again. We learn a lot almost the lives of women in puritanical society in this chapter, and how Anna is already different from them. Chapter Notes The Thunder of his Voice Meaning of the prenomen be make its apparent in the very live on page of the chapter.Has a religious resonance. We are intro duced to Anys Gowdie in this chapter a woman quite unlike those of her time. Anna feels drawn to her and changes many opinions in discussion with her, showing us how unusual Anna herself is for a woman of the time. Anys reveals her affair with George and his intentions to Anna. There are no deaths in the chapter but the plague is discussed at the dinner at the Bradfords where Anna is serving. Anna goes home and checks her boys twain appear unafflicted. Chapter Notes Rat-Fall. Obviously mode lead on Leaf-Fall, what is the meaning of this chapter title?It begins with glorious descriptions of nature the people believe they have contained the plague. Anna plays with her children and interestingly, Mompellion enters the picture. Very Garden-of-Eden-esque. Anna is uncomfort commensurate around him. This stands in stark contrast to what we are about to experience. The boys playing with the dead rats is ominous. The weather soon changes, and Anna remarks on the insects biting her boys . She longs to talk with Anys and begin to see the world in ways that she does. One of the boys playing with the rats starts showing symptoms. Mem Gowdie is sent away as they fetch a physician.The physician flees from the plague. Annas baby Tom dies during the chapter. Aphra scolds her for doting in him she has lost many babes herself. She tells her it is folly to love them until they are walking and talking. It is clear that the plague has struck the town. Chapter Notes Sign of a Witch Anna compares the plague to the falling of a whip that continues to strip a mans back on p. 81. We learn that her elder son Jamie passes away even as he is unagitated grieving for his brother. Anna tries a number of remedies to soothe or cure Jamie which must have been common at the time, to no avail.In fact, they seem to make things worse. It is only Anys who is able to soothe him she promises Anna prophetically on p. 84 that her arms wont be empty for long. Mompellion comes to solicit for Jamie and Anna hears the words as if far away. P. 86 Anna tells us of her grief and her inability to understand why she has not succumbed when her children and many around her have. Of particular importance are the questions she asks in the graveyard on p. 87. While all this is happening (which is personal and thus central to our narrator) it is clear the plague has spread throughout the village.It has certainly not been contained as they hoped. The town seek a scapegoat, and Anna comes upon them impeach Mem Gowdie. Anys is not far behind and they seek to lessen the hysteria that has grabbed all around them. Pp. 89 91. Brooks creates a lot of tension in these pages. The responses of the townspeople here will prove useful in a number of possible themes to discuss around the text. In saving Mem Anys draws attention to herself and Anna finds that her loose expectoration around Anys and George helps condemn her friend. Anys uses all her wits to distract and anger the villagers and accept s that her death is inevitable.Her actions here may be hard to understand and we will need to discuss them. Mompellion comes to confront them but is too late to save Anys. They have created yet another tragedy within their town, and unwittingly destroyed the woman who may crush have helped. Consider the irony of Mompellions comment oh yes, the devil has been here to shadow. Chapter Notes Venom in the Blood The atmosphere in the village gets bleaker and Brooks comments that the witchs blood has not saved those that followed her into her grave. Mem Gowdie falls ill and is taken into care at the rectory, but passes soon later.The herblore of the village is lost. No police force is willing to come to the town to hold anyone accountable for what happened. Suprisingly, Mompellions sermon preaches love rather than punishment of vengeance (pp. 102 103), and he invites his predecessor Reverend Stanley to come into the Church (p. 100). This is signifi gaget given the religious upheaval o f the time. The two have worked together for the good of the town and the older man shows his support of the younger. Mompellion pleas for them all the stupefy confined in the village rather than spread the plague seeds.Many agree, virtually if only for lack of food and provisions to travel. This is all evident in the conversations after the service. It also becomes clear that neighbouring villagers will send them food if they stay on quarantine. The Bradfords are not noticed slipping our quietly from the proceedings. This is a powerful chapter title and its meaning will require discussion. Chapter Notes Wide Green Prison Those that stay in Eyam feel a kind of grace in their decision, which is juxtaposed with the hurried and discourteous exit of the Bradfords. They even defy the reverends pleas.Bradford accuses Mompellion of just interpreting to make the villagers feel better about having to stay (p. 115), which threatens the gentle peace of mind many found at the church earlie r. Consider the title of the chapter when discussing this. Many servants are left without a home or job and are distributed amongst the village. charity even in their darkest hour. This is worth noting the darker aspects of humanity depicted in these chapters often outweighs the good we could see if we looked too (p. 117). Elinor gets on with the business of helping the town.We have some good examples here of the teamwork and end in the relationship between Elinor and Michael. Elinor encourages Anna to help with midwivery, although Anna has horrible memories of her experience dying in childbirth pp 120 121, because they are all that she has. Elinor takes some milk of the poppy in case it is needed, and Anna calls upon her memories of the manner and technique of Anys Gowdie. On p. 122 she says the words the Gowdies said May the Seven Direction Guide this Work, and feels that Anys is there steer her as to how to deliver the baby safely.That night, they celebrate life instead of death, but Anna pockets the little vial of milk of the poppy at the end of the chapter. Chapter Notes So Soon to be Dust The title from the chapter comes from the English burial service taken from Genesis 319. Why might this be important? The story of Jakob Brand and Maggie Cant substantially shows us the types of responses people from Eyam might find in the neighbouring villagers. (pp. 129 131) Anna has a confrontation with her drunk father (pp. 133 135) and we found out more about her relationship and responses to him. Chapter Notes The Poppies of LetheThis chapter titles strikes me as fair ironic poppies stand for rememberness but Lethe represents forgetting and oblivion oblivion brought on my remembering? Does this make sense in Annas case? Its also a very dark chapter whereby Anna questions whether she can go on amongst all the death and loss. Anna begins the chapter by musing about falling down a hill a allegory for her temptation with the poppy she lifted at the end of the previous chapter. It is a substance she knows from when surface-to-air missile broke his leg and was treated by the Gowdies. Anna repents her theft but cannot ferment herself to give the vial back.She makes a concoction of poppy and honey to hide the bitter taste and experiences sweet dreams of her dead children. The day she awakes to seems darker for her efforts, but she notices her mind is calm and she has slept well for the first time in a long time 10 hours. The day is indeed bitter as she comes across plague ridden Sally Maston (p. 140) whose mother has died already and cannot care for her or ease her suffering. Anna looks after the children as outperform she can, but recognizes that it is a deathwatch. There is an interesting exchange with the sexton (a church semiofficial who comes to pick up bodies) on p. 41 that shows the exhausted attitude of the townspeople to death. Elinor tells Anna that her childhood friend Lib Hancock (who she told the gossip about Anys and Ge orge too which eventually led to Anys downfall) lies on her death bed. Anna rushes to her, but she is too far for them to put the incident behind them. After these traumas, Anna again relies on the poppy for sweet dreams, but she wakes up to the acrid reality that she has no more. She then remembers the herb stores at the Gowdies and sets off to replenish her stock. On her way, she visits the Talbot cottage as she does not see smoke coming from the chimney.She discovers two things there that Richard Talbot has attempted to burn off his plague sore in an effort to burn out the disease, and also that Kate has brought a charm (like a spell) to attempt to dispel the plague also. She tells Anna she brought it from the spirit of Anys Gowdie. Anna knows this to be untrue, but cannot solve the mystery just now. When she arrives at the Gowdie cottage she finds Elinor there, who she momentarily mistakes for the ghost of Anys. Elinor explains that she is there to learn what herb lore she can from the Gowdies, in hopes of saving the town.Elinor reveals she is well aware why Anna is there, and convinces her that she should not attempt to forget her boys through elude via the poppy. She asks Anna if she had sweet dreams and she answers the sweetest I have ever known. (p. 149). Elinor says she remembers this well, and warns her that the poppy is a jealous friend and will not lightly loosen its embrace (p. 149). She goes on to reveal her sad history to Anna (pp. one hundred fifty 155) and how she came to marry Michael. She does not however reveal all and the biggest secret will be revealed by Michael in the final pages of the novel.They begin their work with the herbs and Elinor has queasye a study of the victims and notices that while the plague has claimed many, it has not claimed many silver hairs. They decide to start arming the young with as many natural medicines as possible. Anna worries about how she will cope without the poppies and notes that she can always fi nd them amongst the Gowdies garden. Question your response to this. Anna also pick outs she can throw herself into her work, and this may keep her going. Chapter Notes Among Those That Go defeat to the Pit A very long chapter.Michael is exhausted and Elinor and Anna try to convince him not to do so much. The reader should take note of the relationship and balance between Michael and Elinor after Elinors revelation of the previous chapter. Jakob Merill dies and young Brand who has been living with them and caring for the children is named his heir. Anna notes that the cold season demands so much of her she is busy every minute of every day, delivering babies and learning about the herbs. She explains the processes she and Elinor try, and how they learn through trial and error.They rest only on Sunday when Elinor dreads to see in the church pews how they are losing the battle (p. 167-8) In his service, Mompellion says that he must close the church and the church yard there are to o many dead to bury there. He asks the parishners not to worry about not being buried on hallowed ground, God will find them. He faints at the pulpit. Reverend Stanley takes over. Elinor and Anna take him back to the rectory. In this chapter we also learn about the plight of festal Wickford, a miners daughter who alone survives the plague. The other miners may take her fathers area if she is unable to produce a handbag of lead.Unable to convince the other miners to help Merry, Elinor tells Anna they should help as Anna has noesis of the mines from Sam. This frightens Anna, who knows enough to recognize how dangerous this is. She also knows that miners are superstitious about having any women near them (p. 175) Nonetheless they take Sams gear and try (p. 178). Anna is gripped by fear and the two women soon slang they are unable to meet the challenge. Anna remembers that fire-setting can be used, a dangerous practice that cost Sam his life. Elinor encourages her saying that the Pl ague could catch them any day.Elinor wants to accompany her but (for the first time) Anna speaks harshly to her if the silliness of not being out there to dig her out if needs be (p. 184). Earth buries her and Anna accepts her death. However, Elinor and Merry have both not obeyed her instructions and are on hand to dig her out. They present the overladen dish and save Merrys mine. Mompellion is amused by Elinors presence of mind and outfit. Anna sleeps well that night. (p 188) Chapter Notes the Body of the Mine Anna recovers from her wounds. Joss Bont takes on the role of grave digger, eeking sinewy payment from those too weak or sick to bury their dead. The chapter continues with further examples of his greed and callousness. The final straw is when he digs a grave for Christopher Unwin who lies ill but not dying. He does not even have the plague. When Unwin lives, Bont angrily demands payment for the services that were neither asked for nor necessary. (pp. 196 197) Bont is humil iated by Mompellion. Anna hears that her father is thrown out of the tavern, and worries for her stepmother and her children. Aphra laughs when she hears and says I am my own ways of bridling that mule (p. 98). However, that night Bont hits him with his spade and attempts to bury him anyway, in order to steal his goods(p. 199 200) Unwin takes his grievance to the Body of the Mine (from the last chapter) as the only quasi-legal system left.. Unwin is also a miner and thus has rights to this. No one speaks up for Bont and he is sentenced to have his hands impaled to a match as punishment for theft. It is generally up to kin to retrieve the accused, but Aphras children are all but one sickened with the plague and she cannot go. Anna doesnt realize this and never seeks him out.Bont dies on the hill which leads to greater tragedies later (pp. 204 205). His body is partially eaten by animals, and Aphra has to deal with this just after she buried three of her children with her own hand s. Her behavior at the Grave is strange and unholy, even for one as superstitious as her( pp. 207 208). Chapter Notes The Press of their Ghosts Anna grieves her father and the rectory and tells his history to Elinor. We learn to have some sympathy for him in this (pp. 209 210). Anna feels free of him after the telling like she is strong enough to face him now.Anna and Elinors strength and resilence is contrasted with the other women in the town who are buying charms to ward off the plague. Spring arrives and the lambs are born easily and the village looks pretty again. Although Anna notes it does not over-shadow the still dwindling numbers when they go to pray at Cucklett Delf. Half way through June the village has lost half its population to the plague and this takes its toll on people. Anna details the changed appearance of John Gordon who punishes his body to atone for his sins. (p. 217 219). Mompellion and Anna later visit his wife to confirm this.John is later found dead a nd his wife contracts the plague a week later. This makes voices whisper as to whether he was right or not. Jane Martin takes to sleeping with many men to survive. Mompellion chastises her for it harshly (rather than the man), does Elinors history have anything to do with this? The chapter ends ironically with Anna feeling jealous of the Mompellions for having each other (pp. 228 229) Chapter Notes A Great Burning Elinor begins coughing which sends Anna into a panic (pp. 232 233). She reflects on all that Elinor has meant to her (pp. 34 235) and Elinor asks Anna to look after Michael. Her fever breaks on p. 237. It is not the plague. Michael is overjoyed and Anna is jealous again (p. 239). Renewed, Michael preaches to the villagers that there should be a great burning of their possesions that might carry the plague (he is inspired by Urith Gordon here, who accepted possessions from plague homes and died). He calls it a sacrifice to God. Aphra is drawn to the fire in black rags it becomes clear that she is pretending to be the ghost of Anys Gowdie and selling the charms around the village (p. 243).The villagers turn on her, and Michael tells them not to violate this spiritual place. Aphra is taken and held by two farmers who cruelly throw her into a pit of manure which she must tread all night (p. 245 246). Elinor and Anna try to bathe and soothe her but she is angry and accuses Elinor of stealing Anna and her children (pp. 247 -248). Anna worries for Faith, the remaining girl and when she eventually goes to look for her finds something startling (pp. 249 251). Chapter Notes Deliverance Anna comments that she avoids Aphra and wishes she hadnt foreshadowing again.They realize that they have not had new deaths for some time and hope that the plague has passed. Michael comments that new growth is present at the site of the Great Burning. Michael and Elinor argue about whether or not it is yet time to celebrate the passing of the plague. Michael wants to h old off. In tears, Elinor comments that not all are as strong of will as he. What does this mean really? Eventually a date is fixed and Michael and Elinor dress in white, Elinor with spring blooms in her arms. As he begins to give thanks, Aphra appears.She is clearly mad and blames Mompellion. Mompellion attempts to calm her and sadly Faiths corpse is damaged in this. Aphra swings wildly with the knife, ending her own life and Elinors. (pp. 257 259) Chapter Notes Apple-Picking Time Faith, Elinor and Aphra are buried and Anna considers how best to serve the memory of her friend (pp. 264 264). Michael goes into seclusion. He cannot bear Anna to speak of Elinor. When Anna offers to shave him they have an intimate moment (p. 266). Memories of the past run rampant here.Michael is astonished that Anna can read Latin. Michael remains alone for a season and Anna says she cannot rouse him. She brings him the good news of the town, showing the reader that life is moving forward outside the walls of the rectory (pp. 269 270). Anna decides to embrace life and make the most of it, symbolized by taking Anteros off for a ride. Mompellion is enraged and Anna takes him into her arms (pp. 273 281). He relationship begins but is destroyed by the revelation that he never slept with Elinor. Anna feels she has stolen something from Elinor (p. 83) She finds Michael cruel and perverse (p. 284). She comes upon Elizabeth Bradford and agrees to go and tend the birth. The surgeon abandoned a case Anna solves easily and she remarks that the little girl reminds her that she is to go on (p. 287). She saves the child from being killed as the result of adultery and promises to leave the village and care for the girl herself. (pp. 288 291). She is given jewels to do this. Anna plans to leave her cottage to Merry Wickford and plans to swap her sheep for a donkey to carry her away. Mompellion interrupts her planning.He knows the whole story and feels Anna may be in danger from those who wo uld seek to destroy the child still. He gives her Anteros and an escape route (pp. 293 294). Chapter Notes The Waves, Like Ridges of a Ploughd Land (Epilogue) The epilogue begins with Anna remembering a poem and marveling that it was written by a woman, showing how teeny she once believed the world and the capacity of women to be. She describes where she has ended up and how she got there. There are many key passages to look at, and much discussion to be had for the purpose of this chapter.

How to measure employees’ performance Essay

Emulation of strategies incorporated amongst transcriptions is a tell-tale whereby the former company is performing admirably streamlined and effective by dint of well formulated resources allocation on its scheme. Of the many decisions a company must face to achieve success is how to measure employees exercise and how to reward them (Kleiner and Gautreau 2001).For the avant-garde management accounting information arrangement, it cannot live on financial measure alone because management can manipulate such data by cutting cost, investing less and hence forth. The accounting system requires a mix of non-financial and financial data to give a more balance view of firms overall feat (Bushman et al. 1996). Research by Cumby and Conrod, 2001 indicates that non-financial information is highly value-relevant for knowledge-based industries and shown as an effective tool to evaluate an academic organization and demonstrate accountability to government and the public (Dorweiler and Yak hou 2005).Current non-financials could homogeneouswise predict organizations future financial performance (Smith 2005 Amaratunga et al. 2001). Unlike usual performance measurements system decades ago, more importantly now, is to measure performances relative to organizations goals and strategies. Amongst other key issues in the development of performance measurement tools in past decades have been quandaries pertaining customer loyalty. The emerging new generation is more educated with their customer rights thus, more demanding. Declining customer loyalty is due to extensive choices. Hence, corporations have to focus strategy and carriage to not merely selling products/services, but also serving customers (Hope and Fraser 2001).Moreover, there has been a need to increase firms pace of innovation. Competitions have proliferated and firms must constantly look back their strategies and methods generating new business concepts and processes while coping with the changing nature of t echnology (Kaplan and Norton 2001). Additionally, prices are falling and cost ought to reduce to remain competitive and profitable. Hence, operation costs are challenged (Inman 2000). Furthermore, talented people are hard to find even harder to attract. Firms then have to ply a challenging work environment that enables own(prenominal) development (Hope and Fraser 2001). Large businesses were leading and performing well financially but by early 80s they were displaced as market leaders as competitors vie through quality, innovation, etc (Anthony 1998 cited by Kleiner and Gautreau 2001).Managing intellectual gravid or Knowledge way, is vital to gain competitive advantage at this era. Knowledge management being a long-run strategy, development of BSC helps the company to align its management processes and focuses the entire organization to implement it (Arora, 2002). By implementing meaning turning the carte into a true management system and sustaining the system (Rohm and Halbac h 2006). With BSC, intangible assets are valued (Marr and Adams 2004) while above issues have been addressed also. The scorecard actually balances external measures with the internal measures, financial with non-financial information and short-term with long-run performance drivers (Johnsen 2001 Cobbold and Lawrie 2002a). Strategy of firm in BSC is matched between internal capabilities and external relationships (Kay 1993 cited by Johnsen 2001). Strategy implementation is balancing internal and external demands. precaution control and performance measurement are concerned with decision relevance, thus, performance indicators on the BSC are important to managers (Mayston 1985 cited by Johnsen 2001). Learning and growth spot in BSC can sustain efficient employees while shareholders and customers needs are met by realigning values and sustaining good customer relationship in the customer eyeshot in BSC. Besides, business processes are innovated to keep up with the increasing pace of market uncertainties. BSC helps staff understand more, unlike before, how they could contribute to the strategic success of the organization as well as proven to be a priceless tool in linking vision and strategy to daily actions (CIMA 2001).BSC appears to be very effective and valuable for a divisional manager in a large US company (Mouritsen et al. 2005). The BSC has definitely helped in daily planning activities for different industries. The strength of the scorecard is that it has ascertained the reasons due to its balanced-nature (Carmona and Gronlund 2003). In higher learning institutions, the European Foundation for Quality Management was used as performance measurement, do not gleam interests of all stakeholders and not linked to strategic management. Studies show that BSC is adopted instead (Cullen et al. 2003). Hotels also rely on non-financial and financial indicators with increasing confidence in strategic issues (Harris and Mongiello 2001). By using BSC, organizations can also minimize the negative consequences of risk (Scholey 2006) and identify cost reduction opportunities, resulting in overall improvement (Anand et al. 2005).Albeit Cobbold and Lawrie, 2002a claimed BSC to be fuck as no additional perspective of believed worth is added, in reality, variations in basic BSC are common some add a fifth perspective such as stakeholders, economic factors (Rohm nd Lord and Shanahan 2006). Some express skepticism about the claimed positive results and commented that BSC is just a number crunching-exercise by accountants or just another latest management fad (Angel and Rampersad 2005). Norreklit, 2000 argued that 4 perspectives do not accommodate all intangible assets, changing the BSC framework may go under the causal logic of BSC into question (cited by Marr and Adams 2004). She also argued that the BSC is not a strategic control model because of its rigidness and static focus (Lord et al. 2005). BSC has also been criticized because it is stoop t owards shareholders and fail to address to employees and suppliers (Smith 2005). Hoque, 2003 states that with wide ranges of measures, may lead to information overload.But findings show that BSC is not perceived to be a fad (Lord et al. 2005). There also appears to have no cause and effect dysfunctional organizational behavior as claimed, the only causal is the improved performance in one perspective leads to an increase in another (Lord et al. 2005). BSC is maturing and approached because of its flexibility (Lord and Shanahan 2006 Bible et al. 2006). It has been argued that BSC does consider employee satisfaction through the learning and growth perspective (Hoque 2003). Numbers of performance measures used were all right and information overload was overcome through BSC (Yeniyurt 2003 McWhorter 2003 Arora 2002).However, BSC experiences difficulty in linking performance measures to strategy (Lord et al. 2005). Other issues include it does not tackle human resource and uncertainties issues usually done in PESTEL analysis (Smith 2005). In recent years, the Porters model had made its debut to help managers develop and implement long-term strategy (Sims 2001). The model is used to gain competitive advantage over another but does not define for the strategic unit or as a corporation (Sims 2001). It also does not take into account the dynamics of markets which is rapidly changing. Another development adopted by large number of companies is the Economic cheer Added EVA, which includes the cost of capital, hence creating value but was heavily criticized for not being different from traditional methods (Yeniyurt 2003).The Skandia Navigator SN was later developed to measure intellectual capital by adding human perspective to the financial, customer, process and learning perspectives (Roslender and Fincham 2001 Shaikh 2004). Although this opened new research fields on intellectual capital, the SN lacks incorporating financial and non-financial measures which is requir ed to provide better performance measurement (Scarbrough and Carter 2001). Works have been done to modifying the traditional budgeting system-Beyond Budgeting Round Table BBRT emerged coping faster with changes and uncertainties of product and strategy lifecycles leading to lower berth costs and value creation (Hope and Fraser 2001). Management By Objectives MBO by Drucker, 1954 is found consistent with BSC-retained emphasis on achieving financial objectives, focusing on marketing and customers and pursue innovation (Johnsen 2001). MBO is more open-ended but lacks a valid performance measure while BSC is focused (Anand et al. 2005).BSC usage is higher than other management tools like TQM or ABC (Hendricks et al. 2004). BSC initially was a performance measurement tool, after placing strategy into it, BSC evolved to a strategic performance measurement system, illustrating flexibility and maturity (Bible et al. 2006 Cobbold and Lawrie 2002). ill to focus attention and commit onto sc orecard management and communicating them are reasons BSC whither and die albeit how boffo the tool has been (Richardson 2004 cited by Hendricks et al.2004). In conclusion, it is important to realize the limitations of BSC. However, successful implementation by managers would bring about many benefits.Amaratunga D, Baldry D and Sarshar M (2001) Process Improvement through Performance Measurement, Work Study, 50 5, p. 179-188Anand M, Sahay B and Saha S (2005) remainderd calling card in Indian Companies, Vikalpa Journal for Decision Makers, 30 2, p. 11-25Angel R and Rampersad H (2005) Do Scorecards Add Up?, CA Magazine, p. 12-18Arora R (2002) Implementing KM-A Balance Scorecard get on, Journal of Knowledge Management, 6 3, p. 240-249Bible L, Kerr S and Zanini M (2006) The Balanced Scorecard Here and Back, Management Accounting Quarterly, 7 4, p.18-23Bushman R, Indjejikian R and Smith A (1996) CEO Compensation The Role of Individual Performance Evaluation, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 21 2, p. 161-193Carmona S and Gronlund A (2003) Measures vs. Actions the Balanced Scorecard in Swedish Law Enforcement, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 23 12, p. 1475-1496Cobbold I and Lawrie G (2002) The Development of the Balance Scorecard as a strategic Management Tool, paper presented at the PMA Conference, 17-19, July, BostonCobbold I and Lawrie G (2002a) Classification of Balance Scorecards Based on their Intended Use, paper presented at the PMA Conference, 17-19, July, BostonCIMA (2001) The Balanced Scorecard-An Overview, CIMA Technical Briefing, Harvard Business School Press, USACullen J, Joyce J, Hassal T and Broadbent M (2003) Quality in high Education from Monitoring to Management, Quality Assurance in Education, 11 1, p. 5-14Cumby J and Conrod J (2001) Non-financial Performance Measures in the Canadian Biotechnology Industry, Journal of able Capital, 2 3, p. 1469-1930Dorweiler V and Yakhou M (2005) Scorecard for Academic Admini stration Performance on the Campus, Managerial Auditing Journal, 20 2, p. 138-144Harris P and Mongiello M (2001) Key Performance Indicators in European Hotel Properties General Managers Choices and Company Profiles, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13 3, p. 120-127Hendricks K, Menor L and Wiedman C (2004) The Balanced Scorecard To Adopt or not to Adopt?, Ivey Business Journal, 11/12, p. 1-9Hope J and Fraser R (2001) Figures of Hate, Financial Management, February Issue, p. 22-25Hoque Z (2003) Total Quality Management and the Balanced Scorecard Approach A Critical Analysis of their Potential Relationships and Directions for Research, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14, p. 553-566Inman M (2000) The Balanced Scorecard, ACCA Students Newsletter, February Issue, p. 37-41Johnsen A (2001) Balanced Scorecard Theoretical Perspectives and existence Management Implications, Managerial Auditing Journal, 16 6, p. 319-330Kaplan R and Norton D (2001) Transforming the Balanced Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management Part 1, Accounting Horizons 15Kleiner B and Gautreau A (2001) Recent Trends in Performance Measurement Systems-The Balanced Scorecard Approach, Management Research News, 24 3/4, p. 153-156Lord B and Shanahan Y (2006) Management Accounting in the Corporate Sector Recent Research, Chartered Accountants Journal, 3, p. 29-31Lord B, Shanahan Y and Gage M (2005) The Balanced Scorecard A New Zealand Perspective, Pacific Accounting Review, 171, p. 49-77Marr B and Adams C (2004) The Balanced Scorecard and Intangible Assets Similar Ideas, Unaligned Concepts, Measuring Business Excellence, 8 3, p. 18-27McWhorter L (2003) Does the Balanced Scorecard Reduce Information Overload?, Management Accounting Quarterly, 4 4, p. 23-27Mouritsen J, Larsen H and Bukh P (2005) Dealing with the Knowledge Economy adroit Capital versus Balanced Scorecard, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6 1, p. 8-27Rohm H (nd) A Balancing Act, Perfor m Magazine, 2 2, p. 1-8Rohm H and Halbach L (2006) A Balancing Act Sustaining New Directions, Perform Magazine, 3 2, p. 1-8Roslender R and Fincham R (2001) Thinking Critically about Intellectual Capital Accounting, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 14 4, p. 383-398Scholey C (2006) Risk and the Balanced Scorecard, CMA Management, 6/7, p. 32-35Shaikh J (2004) Measuring and Reporting of Intellectual Capital Performance Analysis, Journal of American academy of Business Cambridge, 3, p. 439-448Scarbrough H and Carter C (2001) Towards a Second Generation of KM?-The People Management Challenge, Education and Training, 43 4/5, p. 215-224Sims A (2001) Generating Strategic Options, CIMA Insider, September Issue, p. 24-26Smith M (2005) The Balanced Scorecard, Financial Management, February Issue, p. 27-28Yeniyurt S (2003) A Literature Review and Integrative Performance Measurement Framework for multinational Companies, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 21 3, p. 134-142

Even if computers become self-aware Essay

Even if information processing systems become self-aware, they whollyow never nominate anything like human souls. Discuss. In swan to discuss this topic, I must draw definitions for the words computer, self-aware, and soul. This is so that I can build my arguments upon a stable base. These definitions have been gathered from The Oxford Paperback Dictionary & Thesaurus. From this definition of soul, it is obvious that computers have to become a person to have a soul, and this is impossible as (by definition) a person is a human being, and cannot be anything else.However, maybe it is possible for a computer to acquire something very similar to a soul. For example, a computer may be able to have feelings, emotions, consciousness, opinions and other characteristics of humans with souls. These abilities in a computer are known as A. I. (artificial intelligence). This seems impossible with the computers of this day and age, however, if genius follows the drastic improvement in tec hnology everywhere the last century, one can see that what we know as standard now was inconceivable old age ago.What we call a computer (like the one this has been written on) would have been something science fiction in the beginning of the 20th Century. Therefore, it is obvious that there is tremendous screen background for computers to become a lot more improved in the future. They may even gain some if not total A. I. This implies that a computer could obtain all the intelligence of a human being if not more. The statement I am discussing asserts that even if computers become conscious, they will never have a spiritual or immaterial part to them.This is blatantly true, as we (the creators of computers) know that we have and will have only built them out of materials. I accept that we will not have the strength to insert a spiritual side into a computer within the same time-span that we will have the ability to give computers A. I. However, maybe computers can acquire A. I. , and maybe this is the next best thing to a soul. After all, we have no proof that we (humans) have souls this is good a religious belief that we have faith in.Therefore, it is probable (from an atheistic point of view) that we are just advanced computers. The only difference is that we are do of biological materials, which are a lot more complex than the materials used in a computer. These may have a capacity, unknown to humans and unable(predicate) of other materials, to have souls. On the other hand, there are biological life forms (i. e. plants), which we believe not to have souls.Science has shown that humans have evolved over years, from animals like apes, and originally from organisms like bacteria. If this is true, then it shows that humans were once creatures without intelligence that is just something we have achieved through evolution. Then surely, when computers gain the ability to make decisions, they will be able to improve themselves and in a virtual evolution i mprove and improve over time, becoming more and more lifelike? It is in addition possible that computers already have minds.The qualia problem suggests that we cannot determine whether something has a mind or is conscious merely by the way it acts. Just because a computer seems to be a slave to us, doing exactly what we tell it to do when we press buttons, does that necessarily mean that this is all it is capable off? Or even all that is does? A computer obviously does a lot more than we know, as it already has vague forms of artificial intelligence. A lot of standard software has assistants with A. I. in order to assist and help us.

Project management of a company Essay

With the current rapid development of various business. Market competition becomes more and more fierce. Hence, a particular(prenominal) business computer program is crucial to help a business successfully achieve goals and become competitive. The aim of this report is to prep argon a business excogitate for a business. Some parts will be analysed in detail below which include a description of the business, gross revenue and commercializeing strategy and lay on the line focussing plan. A storied interior marker, Mark, lets quash Furniture (MF) which is located countryside in Melbourne.The major function of MF is providing customized piece of furniture. There be three options come throughd to customers by MF buying the bluck furniture without any changes, changing the send off of existing furniture displayed in showways, and providing design plans by customers themselves. In the beside quintuple course of studys, MF plans to develop its own ERP system and expand h is business to open linkage brands just about Victoria. The main marketing principle is that the entire efforts of a corporation should be directed towards customers needs. MF is positioned as a high reference retailer that offers a unique selling hypnotism. MF sets its business apart from others due to its unique feature of providing customized goods to its customers. Advertising and Promotion too necessary through a variety of channels in order to attract customers.These approaches include the Internet, newspaper, radio, television receiver and tradeshows. Besides sales and marketing strategy, riskiness management plan is also a significant factor that cannot be neglected. Specific and deliberate risk management plan should be established in order to minimize the negative influences on the business development and better achieve business goal and objective. The risk management plan contains the following parts, identifying and put down the potential risks, chassisifyin g the identified risks and assessing impacts of risks and developing the risk mitigation strategy for each risk. Those identified risks are categorised into sextette groups, including customer risks, supplier risks, staff risks, competitor risks, yield risks and financial risks.2.Description of the product/service police captain Furniture (MF) is a business planned to provide furniture design and sale services for both individual and companies who stimulate additional or unique furniture requirements. Goals of enterprise are to provide high-quality customized service that is secure and convenient. Mark, the owner of Master Furniture, also is a famous interior designer and won many relevant international prizes.Mark praised free spirit as his operation concept, which also directly affects his design. Purposes of establishing this entity are expressing and disseminating his artistic concepts, as well as exchanging ideas with professors and hobbyists. Customers are on top and mid dle class of society, who have special requirements and enthusiasm for furniture intention are targeted customers. The primary market foc occasions on special groups, such as the blind, the elder and mickle who are passionately sore of designing someoneal furniture. The physical shop locates in the city of Melbourne.Therefore, the target market areas are the suburbs around Melbourne. The shop includes three showrooms, which divided into bedroom, living room and kitchen. Mark designs all furniture displayed in the shop. There also have one meeting room and one stock room, which store the art industrial plant and goods customers ordered. Initially, the major function of MF is providing customized furniture. There are three options provided to customers by MF buying the existing furniture without any changes, changing the design of existing furniture displayed in showrooms, and providing design plans by customers themselves. For the first situation that customers buy furniture dir ectly from the shop and without any change, MF provides discount in economy service if customers do not want to pick up by themselves. For the second situation that customers want to change the size, color or materials of furniture found on the design of Mark, MF charges extra service fee.The extra service fees are based on the change of furniture. For example, MF charge extra 20% of the furniture set for changing color and extra 30% of price for changing size. In this case, MF provides the design drawing directly to customers in the shop or sent to customers by email. After customer confirm the design, especially in size and color then it will be sent to pulverization. For the die situation that designs are provided by customers, Mark may provide professional suggestions based on design, such as budget, drawbacks, and safety risks. After the negotiation amid Mark and customers, the design drawing will send to the factory. MF owns a truck, which is capable to provide delivery service to customers. For loyal customers who had transaction records in MF database, can enjoy discount delivery service as well as customers buy furniture directly from shop and do not have any change. On the other hand, customers also can pick up by themselves.All advertisements include leaflets, which displayed the new designed furniture and price, a call in number that potential and current customers can call to query the service. For the customers who want to change the design or designed by themselves, MF calls customers once their goods arrived in the shop. The background factory of MF is outsourced to Rojos furniture factory, which is located in the countryside of Melbourne. Once Mark confirms the design drawings and send to factory by email or fax, factory sends an invoice which includes due time of production, price, and quantity back to MF. In this period, MF will confirm the price with customers and then response factory. Factory will undertake to work after receiving the confirmation from MF. After factory completes the invoice and sends goods back to MF, MF will inform customers to decide whether they want to pick up by himself or herself or delivery furniture to home.MF has twain full-time receptionists and one part-time driver. When customers step into the MF, the front desk receptionists, who understand Marks design concept completely and have excellent communication skills, will communicate with them and introduce products in the showroom to clients. If clients want to design furniture by themselves no matter completely self-design or partly design, they could make appointments with Mark to discuss. When customers decide to purchase, they need to wages whole amounts for existing products or deposit for new design products.Then receptionists will create account for clients in the MF customer information database, which can help customers get discounts for delivery service in next purchase. On the other hand, receptionists also need to con firm delivery information with customers, such as delivery address, time and payment method. Once clients confirm the delivery, it is the tariff of receptionists to inform delivery information to the driver. The major responsibilities of driver are delivering and unloading products as well as receipts to customers.After customers signing for confirmation, the last missionary post of driver is bringing back confirmation of customers to MF. MF offers after-sale services to customers, such as maintenance, consultancy. In the next five years, MF will develop its own Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) system, which includes a website for advertisement Customer Relationship Management System. Moreover, Mark is planning to expand hisbusiness, which focusing on open Linkage shops around Victoria. In order to attract more clients, membership will be applied in MF system. Based on the expanding business, more staff is compulsory for different purpose. There are several kinds of positions will available in MF designers, receptionists, salesman, full time delivery drivers, and back officers. Moreover, as a famous designer, Mark will provide videos in shops to show his award-winning art works, and by this way to disseminate his design concept and let more people know about furniture art.3.Sales and marketing strategy3.1 SWOTBased on the goals of MF build social club image, gain competitive market pct and refine logistic, productions and operational systems, SWOT analysis applied to in this subsection to analyze aptitudes, helplessnesses, opportunities and banes. The evaluation of the strategic process has to be done in order to conduct the SWOT analysis. StrengthIn these recent years there is an increase in demand of furniture products that is modern and unique. These classifications make the ho subroutine of the MF customers to be different from others. And the minimal design is apply to express a maximum effect of the art used in the furniture the arts used in minimal design mostly will be in the form of visual art and music. The MF has the highly educated workers in the organization. The serviceman resources used in both the outlet shop and the factory are skilled, capable of producing the design requested by the customer. Diversity and ideas is the most important strength of the organization. This innovative idea makes us differ from our competitors. Integrating different ideas into a furniture product, that forms the critical success factors. The furniture market has a big parliamentary market, where there is always a way to establish our organization and product information through the media. This also forms the strength of our organization. WeaknessThe major part of the weakness lies in the stock control, which is inefficient. There are many cases where the stocks may be outdated. In some cases there may be insufficient stocks. And at sometimes the stocks would not be available on the time needed, sometime available more than what is needed. Trust, forms the middle of the business process. The materials that are supplied by the external organizations at sometimes create a lack of trust in them. As the furniture company is mainly dependent on external organization for the raw materials, suffer their trust when the raw material is not good and when it is not supplied the time needed. Master Furniture is known especially for its uniqueness in the product.When there is some situation where the organization has to share the knowledge with the other employees and external organization, the knowledge shared can be misused. These cases the organization has to take the risks. The demand for the traditional expression of the furnitures is decreasing rapidly. On the other hand new innovation and change in this industry has slow absorption. Till a product is completed the quality of the product cannot be judged. Once the quality of the product fails a new product has to be created and the raw materials used cannot al so be reused. As known for producing single furniture a large quantity of raw material has to be invested. OpportunitiesBig potential is developing in the market sector for designing. As the main part of this business is designing as per requested by the customer, the minimal designs are creating new opportunities for these kind of design patterns in the market. The labor cost can be reduced by outsourcing it to the other countries such as China. There is a large scope in the investigate and development as the customers are looking forward for the uniqueness in the product they buy. So, research and development capability is high. Hybrid solutions can be achieved by blending and balancing. This can be done using the effective production methods. There is only a very little competition in the designing of the modern furnitures. ThreatsThe major threat to be considered is that the cost of the raw materials, which is always showing upward trend in the rise of the prices. This causes t he regular price fluctuation of the products stimulated. The new ideas or methods that are used in the manufacturing of the product sometimes lead to uncertainties. The innovation in the product cannot be always successful. The MF Company also has to hope with the fast changes and new inventions in the industry. When a new production method is introduced then there willbe a change in the stock control. This will lead to a large fluctuation in stock control.3.2 Marketing StrategyCustomers are considered as core in any business. The companies manufacture goods according to the needs of its customers. They would like to increase their market share by beating their competitors through sales. One should have a proper business plan to achieve this. The company should know the likes and dislikes of its customers. Based on these factors it can build a business strategy that allows you to satisfy your customers. The two main marketing principles are The entire efforts of a company should be directed towards customers needs. Profitable sales volume is more important than maximum sales volume.PositioningMaster furniture is positioned as high quality, moderate price retailer that offers unique customizes goods. As Master furniture provides special services to their customers their goods are positioned at high quality which lean towards higher prices. Their market positioning goals are accomplished through the following Appointing outstanding sales persons in Master furniture retail store who understand the customer needs. Explaining their manufacturing capabilities and uniqueness through demonstrations. To highlight their ability to customize and quality they should provide invitational sales.Unique exchange PropositionA unique selling proposition is what your business stands for. It sets your business apart from others. Instead of attempting to be known for everything, businesses with a unique selling proposition stand for something specific, and it becomes what youre known for. Master furniture sets its business apart from others due to its unique feature of providing customized goods to its customers.Price vs. Quality & DesignMaster furniture maintains high quality & provides appealing customizeddesign according to the customer needs at affordable prices.Advertising and PromotionMaster furniture will use different sources to communicate with their targeted market. Newspaper, local cable, billboards, pamphlets are different sources to attract customers. They use the electronic media to attract customers and explain their concept of customization. Their customers being the middle and high class in the society Master furniture uses radio and television to advertise. Posturing and vehicle writing methods can also be implemented to advertise. Master furniture uses media to advertise. These include InternetNewspaperRadioTelevisionTradeshowsInternet Advertising through the Internet is the best way to advertise these days. Social communicateing websit es like Facebook are used for advertising. This would be the most effective advertising plot for Master furniture.Newspaper Most people in Australia read newspaper. So for that reason Master furniture can use the most popular newspaper to advertise.Radio Radio is also considered as a popular media item. Many people use it for audio entertainment. So Master furniture can also use radio as to advertise.Television Television is the most popular media item. Every person in the country uses television for entertainment. Therefore Master furniture can use television to advertise.Tradeshows The trades how is an excellent mechanism to stay connected with the market and network potential customers. Aside from sales promotion the trade shows offer you the ability to see your competition. Master furniturewill attend the trade shows held every year and try to attain potential customers.4. gamble management plan4.1Purpose and ObjectivesRisk management plan is to identify and record the potential risks which may threaten the company and also assess identified risks and establishing risk mitigation strategies to mitigate negative impacts on achieving goals and objectives of the business. The purpose of the risk management plan is to describe all aspects of risk management, including 1)Identifying and recording the potential risks2)Classifying the identified risks and assessing impacts of risks 3)Developing the risk mitigation strategy for each risk4)Allocating responsibility4.2 Target AudienceThe target audience of the risk management plan includes all employees of MF company and its customers and the supplier.4.3 Risk strategyIn order to minimize the negative influences on the business development, the risk management procedure is actual by considering both internal and external factors. The necessary steps are risk Identification, risk assessment and risk Mitigation. All identified risks are categorized into six groups, including Customer Risks, Supplier Risks, Staff Risk s, Competitor Risks, Product Risks and Financial Risks. Identified risks are measured in terms of likelihood of occurrence and impacts. By combing the likelihood and impacts, the risk rating is identified to provide the priority of the risks, which would present a better perspective for risk management. The detail information is shown in Table 1below.Table 1L=Likelihood 1=Unlikely 2=Possible 3= Very LikelyC=Impact 1=Minor 2=Moderate 3= MajorR=Risk Rating L=Low M=Medium E=ExtremeRisk NameRisk DescriptionConsequenceRRisk MitigationResponsibilityACustomer RisksA.1The company highly relies on a small number of major customers Once the larger customers turn to other companies product, then the companys cabbage will be affected in the short time.The companys profit and cash flow will be affected in a period of time until finding the new customers to yield gross.22MImproving the customer satisfaction and keeping long-term relationship with valuable customer groups by on a regular basis co ntacting them and continually providing the superior products and services. Locking the existing customers and make them become larger customers. Expanding the target customer groups and seeking new and profitable customers.General Manager plane section ManagersSalesmenBSupplier RisksB.1Highly depends on one supplierOnce the existing supplier is not able to provide the products and services or produce the products to the company, then the companys normal trading operations will be affected.The companys normal operations will be affected because of the shortage of supply.33ESeeking alternative suppliers who are able to provide the similar products and services to the company. Locking the existing supplier by the long-term contracts and maintaining the relationship with the supplier regularly.General Manager Department ManagersB.2Product delivery delay riskThe suppliers cannot produce the product and deliver products on time.The company will not deliver products for its customers on time and loss reputation and credibility.11LSeekingalternative suppliers who are able to provide the similar products and services to the company. Monitoring supply contract regularly and urging products delivery.Department Managers SalesmanCustomer Service ManagerCStaff RisksC.1The staff turnover riskSome employees are critical to the business success, such as they deal with the key supplier and larger customers. The company will be affected by staff turnover.Resulting in disruption of the business operation and hard to find the appropriate new staff. The company has to spend both time and money to train the new staff.22MImplementing a strict personnel selection mechanism to find the right employees for the company. Allocating more employees to key position and training employees for backup.HR ManagerDepartment ManagersC.2Employee face occupational health and safety(OH&S) risksBecause of the nature of the work, the employees, such as vehicle drivers and porters, would injure in th e particular event.The company will be under the risk of fines or stipendiary for injury or death of an employee.11LEstablishing appropriate OH&S policies. Regularly maintain vehicles and advocating safe driving.Employees DCompetitor RisksD.1Competitor riskCompetitors will pose a current or potential threat to the business, such as competitors may open the new business nearby or launch similar products with lower price in the market.The sales and revenue of the company will be affected.12LImproving the relationships with large clients. Investing money in developing new products and services. Protecting intellectual property assets confidential and proprietorship information, such as designs and copyright. Continually monitoring competitors.General ManagerDesignerEProduct RisksE.1Large-scale product recall riskDue to product defect, the company has to recall all interchange products.The company will huge losses in expense of reworking and the sales and reputation of the company wi ll be affected in long term.13MMonitoring the quality of the products and avoid the situation which would damage the companys reputation. Training employees.General ManagerSalesmanCustomer Service ManagerE.2Copyright riskThe companys copyright is violated.The sales and revenue of the company will be affected.13MEstablishing a copyright policy. Protecting intellectual property assets confidential and proprietary information. Signing a confidential engagement when contracting work out to third parties. Getting copyright consultancy services.General Manager DesignersDepartment ManagersFFinancial RisksF.1Liquidity riskThe company doesnt have enough money to pay its debts.The companys operation will be affected.22MManaging and monitoring cash flow. Carefully making financial decisions.General Manager Finance employeesF.2Credit riskDue to the products and services sold on credit, the customers may be unable to pay the money back.Resulting in financial loss.12LChecking customers credit st atus and signing terms an conditions of trade with customers.Finance employees Salesman5.ConclusionFrom what mentioned supra wo can get the conclusion that a business plan which includes several parts, a statement of the business, marketing strategy and risk management plan. Establishing a minute business plan plays a significant role in operating the business and achieving their goals successfully. When setting a plan, the organization should particularly pay attention to risk management plan which can help the business reduce lossthe risks result and operate in a smooth way.