Law and Ethics in Nursing :: Nursing Ethics Research Paper

In every nurses career, he or she will acquaint with legal and honest dilemmas. One of the professional competencies for nursing states that nurses should integrate knowledge of ethical and legal aspects of health care and professional values into nursing practice. It is important to know what types of dilemmas nurses may faceduring their careers and how they have been successfully dealt with in the past. Itis also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how theymay protect themselves from a malpractice lawsuit.LAW VS. ETHICS It is important to first understand the dispute between law and ethics. Ethics examines the values and actions of people. Often times there is no one right course of action when one is faced with an ethical dilemma. On the other hand, lawsare binding rules of conduct. When laws are broken, it is punishable by anauthority figure. There are four types of situations that pertain to law vs. ethics. The first would be an action tha t is both legal and ethical. An example of this would be a nurse carrying out appropriate doctors orders as ordered. A nurse may also be faced with an action that may be ethical but not legal, such as allowing a cancer patient to smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes. The opposite may arise where an action may be legal but not ethical. Finally, an action may be neither legal or ethical. For example, when a nurse makes a medication error and does not report it.ETHICAL DUTIES Nurseshave many ethical duties to their clients. The main ethical duties are nonmaleficence,beneficence, fidelity, veracity, and justice. The employment of nonmaleficenceis the duty to do no harm. The nurse first needs to ask him or herself whatharm is. When a nurse gives an injection she is causing the patient anguish butshe is also preventing additional harm such as disease development or prolongedpain. Therefore, the nurse must ask herself a guerilla question about how muchharm should be tolerated . The duty of beneficence is to do good. In a sense,it is at the opposite end of nonmaleficence or at the positive end of the nonmaleficence beneficence continuum. The duty of fidelity means to be faithful, or tokeep to your promises. Therefore, if a nurse tells his patient that he will

Coal Fires :: Fire Coal Mining Essays

Coal FiresIve long been familiar with the concept of combust mines, but a common occurrence I was unfamiliar with previous to this class was the concept of coal mine fires, but it is a huge problem, some(prenominal) economically and environmentally.Perhaps the most infamous American example of a coal mine fire is Centralia, a town in the anthracite character of eastern Pennsylvania. Centralia was like any other coal town until one fateful day in 1962, when a heap of cut offing trash in a dump that doubled as a mine stripping pit quickly spread to other parts of the mine. After a a few(prenominal) months of bureaucratic haggling, the local government finally agreed to drill to suffocate the fire, but it had spread faster than had been anticipated and could not easily be contained. In the next few eld, subsequent efforts to quell the fire proved futile while it expanded beyond the confines of the coal mine to other atomic number 18as underneath peoples residences in the town of Centralia.Because the ground, at places, was literally breathing carbon monoxide into peoples homes, within a few years Centralia became a place unliveable for its residents and, in 1981, the government bought the town out, paying to ship Centralias population elsewhere, away from the barren, sinking land and its still-raging fires that had been incited almost 20 years previous. A few remained behind despite the government-paid relocation and they still remain today, but the fire below them still remains also, raging unabated to a lower place what was once a booming town. (Tietz)The problem of Coal fires is not limited to Centralia, Pennsylvania, however. It is a problem that has caused major difficulties both in other areas of the United States (like Colorado) and also other parts of the world. In Indonesia, for instance, a series of forest fires in 1982 ignited a series of coal fires, 106 of which the government was able to extinguish, leaving 159 that are still raging to this v ery day. (Amos) A coal fire in Jharia, India, that had already caused the government to relocate the towns population, destroyed a riverbank, unleashing a rush of water in the underground mines that drowned 78 coal workers. By some estimates, fires that rage in the northern coal belt of China burn something like 200 million tons of coal each year. (Krajick)While the economic cost of this is considerable over $1 billion spent in the United States alone, despite the fact that the relatively few coal fires it plays host to are still extant the environmental cost is perhaps even more alarming.

Capital Punishment is Not an Effective Crime Deterrent Essay -- essays

While Capital penalty has been one of the most feared things of ourtime, it is still being questioned if it is unconstitutional. The Death penalizationis being enforced in to a greater extent than 100 countries in the world and are commonly used in politically-related cases. Although it has been the case in manycountries throughout the world it has been said that the Death Penalty is crueland unusual punishment which is a get up violation to the Bill of Rights.Capital penalization is a certain copy of the earliest days of slavery, when youhad no rights or any different opinion, and like then, executions surrender no placein our civilized society. The Death Penalty, throughout its years of existence,has always been against the views of the people, either because of its savageness or because of its lack of effectiveness. The Death Penalty has been unconnected by the people since the beginning ofits era, which was around 1976, when the United States Supreme Cou rt declaredthat the death penalization was not against the Constitution. But if read directlythe eighter from Decatur Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits cruel and unusualpunishments and not only that but abolitionists also think that CapitalPunishment ensures Americans equality for all . The abolitionists also did a crest which ensured that there was no support for the view that the deathpenalty provides a much effective bank check to police homicides than alternativesanctions. Not for a whizz year was evidence found that police are safer injurisdictions that provide for capital punishment The highest homicide gradewere also in Death Penalty states with executions 9.7 homicides per 100,000people... ...of the plaguecommitted by the convicted person because it is judicial murder. CapitalPunishment is a brutal act that does not enhance respect for human life, itcheapens and degrades it . Abolitionists also conceive that the state is ateacher and when it kills, it teaches vengeance and hatred. If the barbaricpractice of execution has been abolished in most study industrial countries,even in south Africa, so can the United States (Death2). An execution is adramatic, public spectacle of official, violent homicide that teaches thepermissibility of killing people to solve social problems--the worst possibleexample to qualify for society Will society put money into schools, rehabilitation,community services, and jobs, or will it bankrupt itself with more prisons andmore victims? The death penalty is no event to violence. Capital Punishment is Not an Effective Crime Deterrent Essay -- essays While Capital Punishment has been one of the most feared things of ourtime, it is still being questioned if it is unconstitutional. The Death Penaltyis being enforced in more than 100 countries in the world and are usually used in politically-related cases. Although it has been the case in manycountries throughout the world it h as been said that the Death Penalty is crueland unusual punishment which is a direct violation to the Bill of Rights.Capital Punishment is a certain copy of the earliest days of slavery, when youhad no rights or any different opinion, and like then, executions have no placein our civilized society. The Death Penalty, throughout its years of existence,has always been against the views of the people, either because of itsbrutality or because of its lack of effectiveness. The Death Penalty has been opposed by the people since the beginning ofits era, which was around 1976, when the United States Supreme Court declaredthat the death penalty was not against the Constitution. But if read directlythe Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits cruel and unusualpunishments and not only that but abolitionists also think that CapitalPunishment ensures Americans equality for all . The abolitionists also did apoll which ensured that there was no support for the view that the d eathpenalty provides a more effective deterrent to police homicides than alternativesanctions. Not for a single year was evidence found that police are safer injurisdictions that provide for capital punishment The highest homicide rateswere also in Death Penalty states with executions 9.7 homicides per 100,000people... ...of the crimecommitted by the convicted person because it is judicial murder. CapitalPunishment is a brutal act that does not enhance respect for human life, itcheapens and degrades it . Abolitionists also believe that the state is ateacher and when it kills, it teaches vengeance and hatred. If the barbaricpractice of execution has been abolished in most major industrial countries,even in south Africa, so can the United States (Death2). An execution is adramatic, public spectacle of official, violent homicide that teaches thepermissibility of killing people to solve social problems--the worst possibleexample to set for society Will society put money into schoo ls, rehabilitation,community services, and jobs, or will it bankrupt itself with more prisons andmore victims? The death penalty is no solution to violence.

The death penalty :: essays research papers fc

The Death Penalty there ar many crimes that are being committed through out America, burglary, car theft, rape, pick pocketing, and murder. There are many different forms of murder, manslaughter (killing someone without it being previously thought out) vehicular manslaughter (hitting someone with your car and killing them) and other forms of accidental deaths may be thought of in the same sense of murder. The death penalty applies to the murders that are committed uncultivatedly (murders that are done on purpose). The substance to prevent some of these violent murders is to use the death penalty more. Some people say that the death penalty is cruel, unjust and it is in moral. I purport that the death penalty, if it was in forced, would be a deterrent for crime. There are many strengths and weaknesses surrounding the death penalty. There also have been many arguments in favor of the death penalty. In the state of Pennsylvania, a person that commits first degree murder with eigh teen aggravating circumstances is able to be sen decennaryced to death. The deadly injection is the means that is used when someone is sentenced to death. There is no real age specified to how old somebody can be before they are sentenced to death. As of July 1, 2001 there was 246 people on death row, 155 (63%) were African American, 75 (30%) were white, 15 (6%) were Latina and 2 (8%) were Asian. A July 2001 Harris Poll founded about four of ten American (42%) felt that capital punishment deters people from committing murders. On the other hand about five of ten American (52%) believed capital punishment does not have much effect. In 1976, when the death penalty was reinstated nearly six of ten (59%) thought capital punishment was a deterrent, compared to just over 3 in ten (34%) who thought it wasnt. (Pg 74 The Death Penalty in America) Some of the strengths of the death penalty are that it does not allow violent murders backwards onto the streets, it deters crimes from would be murders, and it gives comfort to families of murdered victims. By using capital punishment on violent murders it prevents them from reentering society and having a chance to commit a violent act again. If capital punishment was handed down as a punishment then other criminals would think again about committing murder. The death penalty also gives comfort to the families of murdered victims by not allowing them (criminals) back onto the streets free to commit another murder.

journeyhod Spiritual Voyages in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

The Spiritual Voyages of Heart of Darkness   Heart of Darkness describes an outward journey to the heart of Africa that parallels an internal journey to the heart and depths of mans being. Two spiritual voyages are made by Kurtz and Marlow.   Kurtz was a great man who discovered a flaw in himself musical composition working in Africa. He lacked restraint to control the emerging dark position which he found within himself. He plumbs the depths of mans dark side -a side which civilization and culture represses - but is swallowed up, by these forces which eventually over get hold him in the isolation of darkest Africa. He falls into unspeakable acts and experiences the primitive power and ecstasy and wickedness of mans uninhibited darkness. Marlow holds back from the abyss, although he humbly takes no credit for this achievement, ascribing it to grace. Nonetheless, he comes away changed, even enlightened, by this glimpse into the deeper and darker mysteries of life. William Blake (and Sartre) suggests that the road to heaven leads through hell. Blake as well saw the pursuit of truth and self awareness as an effort to combine the Innocence of the Lamb with the darker Passion of the Tyger, the two poles of mans and lifes existence. Wisdom and enlightenment come to the one who effectively understands and harmonizes both sides of this human nature.   Few people make the effort because society discourages such knowledge in an effort to protect itself. virtually people are ignorant of themselves, blithely self-satisfied in their protected world. Kurtz was one of the great men of Europe, a poetic visionary and promoter of state-of-the-art causes. In Africa, repressed urges arose which he could not control. Lost in the darkness of his own being, he defines this new found reality as the horror. Despite his drop into evil, Marlowe respects Kurtz in comparison to the much more hollow men whom he ironically calls pilgrims. These men (EEE, Central Manager , paper mache Mephistopheles, pilgrims on the boat) operate on the raw principle of rapacious greed while pretending to be apostles of progress. Such pyjama-clad, gun waving, slave driving, self righteous fools sicken Marlow and, compared to their nightmare of ignorance, the nightmare of Kurtz commands respect and allegiance. His was a spiritual voyage which failed.   Marlow, we are led to believe, has succeeded. He is five times described by the narrator of this frame story in the posture of a meditating or preaching Buddha.

Comparison of Dulce et Decorum Est and Charge of the Light Brigade Essa

Comparison of Dulce et decorousness Est and surge of the Light BrigadeCompare and contrast the two poems Dulce et Decorum Est (Owen)with Charge of the Light Brigade (Tennyson), paying particularattention to the writers attitude to war.The attitudes of poets towards war have always been showvigorously in their poetry, each poet either condoning or condemningwar, and mitigating their attitudes in whatever way possible.I aim to explore the change in the portrayal of war before and duringthe twentieth century, and also the structures and devices poets habitto convey their views persuasively, and justify them. For this job Ihave chosen to write about Charge of the Light Brigade written bythe poet Alfred Lord Tennyson and Dulce et Decorum est by the poetWilfred Owen. These two poems describe war, and scenes from war, withvarying levels of intensity and reality and also from differentviewpoints.Written during the Crimean War Tennysons Charge of the LightBrigade mirrors the sendiments ex pressed in the Battle of Balaclava. This event took place in 1854 and is still remembered as one of themost famous triumphs in British history. The truth is that LordRaglan suicidally lead his troops Into the valley of Death , wherethey were massacred. Lord Tennyson was the poet Laureate at the timeof the Crimean war, but did not witness any fighting and was notinvolved in it but his clever and effective use of literary devices inhis poem ensure that this military fiasco was remembered as a gloriousvictory. Tennyson puts across a message to remember, respect andhonour the soldiers for what they have given up their lives to do fortheir country. Dulce et Decorum est however, was writt... ...suggesting that the writers of glorious war poems have even lied tothe young people, and sent them to the front line to die in theirmillions, in awful conditions and distressing situations.Having explored both poems, I feel that the one which brings about thebiggest response from me is Dulce et Decorum est. This is because ofthe physical contact graphic imagery he uses, the way he describes the effectsof the war on him, and also because of the way he directs the poem atthe reader personally, apply phrases such as you and my friend. Inmy opinion, The Charge of the Light Brigade does not have the impactand the realism to convey the opinions contained in it effectively andforcefully. I feel is a more imaginative, outlook on war than WilfredOwens graphic poem. The thing I did like about Tennysons poem wasthe fervor and passion and pace.

Genetic Engineering: Genetic Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Genetic Criticism Source study is a unique approach to a work of literature because it seems to have little to do with the completed work itself. Source study, or catching criticism, has as its focus all of those things that influenced, or may have influenced, a literary work. By this branch of criticism, Wilfred Guerin explains, ... we soused the growth and development of a work as seen through a study of the authors manuscripts during the stages of composition of the work, of notebooks, of sources and analogues, and of various other influences (not necessarily sociological or psychological) that reside in the background of the work (292). A genetic critic hopes to find clues as to the authors intention by noting and examining the choices an author has made during the production of a work. unrivalled of the assumptions made by these critics, Guerin adds, is that much(prenominal) research will lead to a richer, more accurate appreciation of the work (292). In pr actice, the light of appreciation, accumulated from such research, shines most brightly on the artist, while the work itself fades into the background. Perhaps this focus on the writer is not such a bad thing. Chauncey Sanders writes that the study of a writers sources leads to a clearer understanding of an artists originality or lack of the same (165). While it may be useful to spot literary robbery, Sanders believes that genetic criticism has a more important role It should not be confined to the discovery of such plagiarisms . . . but rather it should involve the analyzing of a piece of literature with a scene to discovering whence came the inspiration, the material, and the technique whereby the work came into being (162). Again, though, it is the artist who is the main subject of this type of research. We must learn and study the sources of a Chaucer or a Shakespeare, writes Sanders, in order to appreciate the nature and extent of his originality (364-365). Any greater understanding of the work would result only indirectly from this approach to literature, an approach which seems especially allergic to becoming a mere celebration of the artist. John Holmes analysis of Robert Frosts composition of Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening illustrates how genetic criticism tends to reveal more about the poet than the poem.